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124 RURAL-URBAN DISPARITIES AND DYNAMICS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 Elbers, C., J. O. Lanjouw, and P. Lanjouw. 2002. “Micro-Level Estimation of Welfare Policy.” Research Working Paper 2911, World Bank, Development Research Group, Washington, DC. ———. 2003. “Micro-level Estimation of Poverty and Inequality.” Econometrica 71 (1): 355–64. Emran, M. S., and F. Shilpi. 2012. “The Extent of the Market and Stages of Agricultural Specialization.” Canadian Journal of Economics 45 (3): 1125–53. EU (European Union). 2012. The Role of BRICS in the Developing World. Directorate-General for external policies, Brussels. Fafchamps, M., and F. Shilpi. 2003. “The Spatial Division of Labour in Nepal.” Journal of Development Studies 39 (6): 23–66. ———. 2005. “Cities and Specialisation: Evidence from South Asia.” Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society 115 (503): 477–504. ———. Forthcoming. “Determinants of Choice of Migration Destination.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Also Policy Research Working Paper 4728, World Bank, Washington, DC. FAWE. 2006. “Experiences in Creating a Conducive Environment for Girls in School.” FAWE Centre of Excellence, Nairobi, Kenya. Ferré, C., F. H. G. Ferreira, and P. Lanjouw. 2012. “Is There a Metropolitan Bias? The Relationship between Poverty and City Size in a Selection of Developing Countries.” World Bank Economic Review 26 (5508): 1–32. Feler, L., and V. Henderson. 2011. “Exclusionary Policies in Urban Development: Under-servicing Migrant Households in Brazilian Cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 69 (3): 253–72. Foster, A., and M. Rosenzweig. 2004. “Agricultural Development, Industrialization and Rural Inequality.” Brown University, Providence, RI, US. Fox, L. and T.P. Sohnesen. 2012. “Household Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa: Why They Matter for Growth, Jobs, and Livelihoods.” Policy Research Working Paper 6184, World Bank, Washington, DC. Gollin, D. 2009. “Agricultural Productivity and Economic Growth.” In Handbook of Agricultural Economics, vol. 4 (June). Gardner, Bruce L. 2009. Handbook of agricultural economics. 4. Amsterdam u.a: Elsevier. Haggblade, S., P. Hazell, and P. Dorosh. 2006. “Sectoral Growth Linkages between Agriculture and the Rural Nonfarm Economy.” In Transforming the Rural Nonfarm Economy, ed. S. Haggblade, P. Hazell, and T. Reardon, ch. 7. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Haggblade, S., P. B. R. Hazell, and T. A. Reardon, eds. 2007. Transforming the rural nonfarm economy: opportunities and threats in the developing world. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. Hanushek, E. A., and L. Woessmann. 2008. “The role of cognitive skills in economic development.” Journal of Economic Literature (Stanford), 46, 3, 607–88. Heath, T. T., A. H. Parker, and E. K. Weatherhead. 2012. “Testing a Rapid Climate Change Adaptation Assessment for Water and Sanitation Providers in Informal Settlements in Three Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Environment and Urbanization 24 (2): 619–37. Kabeer, N., and S. Mahmud. 2004. “Rags, Riches and Women Workers: Export-oriented Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh.” In Chains of fortune: linking women producers and workers with global markets. Ed. Carr, Marilyn. 2004. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. Karuiki, M., and J. Schwartz. 2005. “Small Scale Private Service Providers of Water and Electricity Supply: A Review of Incidence, Structure, Pricing and Operating Characteristics.” Policy Research Working Paper 3727, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Kimani-Murage, E. W., and A. M. Ngindu. 2007. “Quality of Water the Slum Dwellers Use: The Case of a Kenyan Slum.” Journal of Urban Health 84 (6): 829–38. Kumar, S. K. 1994. Adoption of hybrid maize in Zambia: effects on gender roles, food consumption, and nutrition. Washington, D.C., International Food Policy Research Institute. Kyobutungi, C., A. Ziraba, A. C. Ezeh, and Y. Yé. 2008. “The Burden of Disease Profile of Residents of Nairobi’s Slums: Results from a Demographic Surveillance System.” Population Health Metrics 6 (1): 1. Lall, Somik V., C. Timmins, and S. Yu. 2009. “Connecting Lagging and Leading Regions: The Role of Labor Mobility.”
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Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
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© 2013 International Bank for Reco
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vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
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Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
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Acknowledgments This report has bee
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
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GMR 2013 Rural-Urban Dynamics and t
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4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
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10 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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Goals and Targets from the Millenni
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Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
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primary completion, and access to s
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FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
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MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
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MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
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MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
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MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
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MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
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FIGURE 6e Children under age 5 who
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FIGURE 7b Access to sanitation by r
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Improving the measurement of develo
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1 Macroeconomic, Trade, and Aid Dev
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GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACRO
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GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 URBAN
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Appendix Table A1.1 Classification
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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