rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University
rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University
rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL-URBAN DISPARITIES AND DYNAMICS 115<br />
BOX 2.7 Agglomeration of collective capacity among Uganda’s slum dweller<br />
communities<br />
In the slum dweller communities of Uganda, where<br />
over 60 percent of the <strong>urban</strong> population lives, the<br />
purported benefits of <strong>urban</strong> agglomeration are not<br />
being felt and many <strong>urban</strong> areas are characterized by<br />
rising unemployment and inadequate access to basic<br />
services. Rather than waiting passively for the benefits<br />
of <strong>urban</strong> agglomeration, Uganda’s slum dwellers have<br />
adopted a proactive strategy that is harnessing the<br />
potential of collective action. The strategy is one that<br />
has evolved within the Shack/Slum Dwellers International<br />
(SDI) network. It involves the clustering, or federating,<br />
of community saving groups into <strong>urban</strong> poor<br />
federations. The National Slum Dwellers Federation<br />
of Uganda (NSDFU) is one of 33 federations in the<br />
SDI network. Founded in 2002, the NSDFU today<br />
comprises almost 500 savings groups and approximately<br />
38,000 members. Savings are used to bring<br />
people together, build their capacity to act as a collective,<br />
and build organizational capacity and trust.<br />
When savings groups begin, they often focus<br />
solely on livelihood issues and income generation. But<br />
with time and greater exposure to SDI rituals such<br />
as enumeration and peer-to-peer exchange, communities<br />
formulate an <strong>urban</strong> agenda that looks beyond<br />
group members and toward transforming the settlements<br />
in which they live. This is when benefits to service<br />
delivery begin to accrue as part of a collective<br />
upgrading agenda. The spatial proximity of <strong>urban</strong><br />
savings groups allows for the agglomeration of collective<br />
capacity necessary to create a critical mass of<br />
<strong>urban</strong> poor to hold public officials accountable and<br />
to collaborate with municipalities and leverage their<br />
savings. This critical mass is required to make community<br />
participation more than a platitude and aid<br />
more effective, and it is uniquely possible in the <strong>urban</strong><br />
setting.<br />
The positive externalities of this agglomeration of<br />
collective capacity are not hard to see. The NSDFU<br />
is the key community mobilizer in the government<br />
of Uganda’s Transforming Settlements of the Urban<br />
Poor in Uganda (TSUPU) program. The NSDFU<br />
has capitalized on the opportunities of this Cities<br />
Alliance–funded program to expand from Jinja and<br />
Kampala to Arua, Kabale, Mbale, and Mbarara.<br />
Within this national program, the NSDFU has demonstrated<br />
that organized communities can improve<br />
<strong>urban</strong> governance by organizing citizens to demand<br />
accountability; improve <strong>urban</strong> planning by generating<br />
information on slum populations; improve living<br />
conditions for members and nonmembers alike<br />
through slum upgrading projects; and improve the<br />
environment by upholding their responsibilities to<br />
keep cities clean and maintain public services. Over<br />
the past 10 years, the NSDFU has constructed sanitation<br />
units and community halls in slums throughout<br />
the country. Last year the NSDFU began extending<br />
clean water and improving drainage, while in Jina it<br />
has begun construction of a low-cost housing project.<br />
In almost every case, projects were built upon land<br />
provided by municipal councils, demonstrating true<br />
partnership.<br />
The increasing returns to scale for the agglomeration<br />
of collective capacity are also evident. The more<br />
the federation grows, the easier it becomes to negotiate<br />
with government, mobilize members and savings,<br />
leverage funds, and implement projects. Because the<br />
NSDFU is part of SDI, the returns to scale also benefit<br />
tremendously from the growth of the global <strong>urban</strong><br />
poor movement.<br />
Source: Skye Dobson, Uganda Program Officer, Shack/Slum<br />
Dwellers International.<br />
• All else being equal, <strong>rural</strong>-<strong>urban</strong> migration<br />
can lead to a reduction in <strong>rural</strong> poverty,<br />
but migration is not uniform across regions<br />
or countries. It is highest in Latin America<br />
and East Asia and lowest in South Asia;<br />
Sub-Saharan Africa falls somewhere in<br />
between. Governments play an important<br />
role in <strong>urban</strong> poverty reduction when they<br />
facilitate migration. Whether <strong>rural</strong>-<strong>urban</strong><br />
migration increases or reduces <strong>urban</strong> poverty<br />
depends on whether migrants contribute<br />
to the positive or negative aspects of<br />
<strong>urban</strong>ization.<br />
• Poverty is not spatially bipolar but distributed<br />
along a spectrum. Rural areas are the<br />
poorest; megacities and large cities are the