rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

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52 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 FIGURE 1.7 % of GDP, median country 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 Fiscal deficit Emerging market countries Low-income countries 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: World Economic Outlook. Note: General government balance (net lending/net borrowing) as defined in IMF Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001. assessed through annual surveys of IMF country desks. 2 Over the years, significant progress has been made in several areas of economic policy. Low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have registered relatively higher improvements. The number of countries with unsatisfactory policies has declined substantially since 2005 in most categories. However, the quality of policies differs considerably across the different policy areas, with concerns typically focusing on fiscal issues (figure 1.11). In 2012, the share of countries rated positively on the composition of public spending—an important driver for the attainment of the MDGs—reversed some of the modest gains achieved since 2005. In fiscal transparency, a number of relatively strong-performing countries scored higher in 2012 than they did in 2011, while the number of countries with unsatisfactory policies relating to governance in the public sector declined. Monetary policy and governance in monetary and financial institutions continue to remain relatively strong areas of macroeconomic policies. The assessment of consistency of macroeconomic policies remains mixed. From 2011 to 2012, the number of countries with unsatisfactory policies increased slightly while the number of relatively strong-performing countries fell. Managing macroeconomic risks in low-income countries Most low-income countries recovered quickly from the 2009 crisis and have experienced strong growth since early 2010. 3 The continuing recovery was helped by deepening FIGURE 1.8 Monetary policy loosening Share of countries (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 a. Emerging market countries 81 in 2009 Share of countries (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 b. Low-income countries 0 Monetary Conditions Index Discount rate Exchange rate 0 Monetary Conditions Index Discount rate Exchange rate 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: World Economic Outlook. Note: Monetary policy loosening is based on Monetary Conditions Index (MCI) calculations. MCI is a linear combination of nominal short-term interest rates and the nominal effective exchange rate (with a one-third weight for the latter).
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACROECONOMIC, TRADE, AND AID DEVELOPMENTS 53 FIGURE 1.9 Average year-on-year growth in money and the money gap in emerging market countries 25 20 15 Percent 10 5 0 –5 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Quarter, year Money gap Money supply (M2) Source: International Financial Statistics. Note: The money gap is the difference between year-on-year growth rates of the money supply (M2) and nominal GDP. The sample includes emerging market economies that have data on both for the whole sample period shown. FIGURE 1.10 Macroeconomic policy mix 50 40 a. Emerging market countries 72 in 2009 50 40 b. Low-income countries % of countries 30 20 % of countries 30 20 10 10 0 Monetary and fiscal loosening Monetary and fiscal tightening Monetary Fiscal loosening loosening and fiscal and monetary tightening tightening 0 Monetary and fiscal loosening Monetary and fiscal tightening Monetary Fiscal loosening loosening and fiscal and monetary tightening tightening 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: International Financial Statistics. Note: Fiscal conditions are defined based on annual change in the government balance (net lending/net borrowing) as a percent of GDP in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. Monetary conditions are based on the change in the Monetary Conditions Index (MCI); changes are calculated Q4 over Q4. MCI is a linear combination of nominal short-term interest rates and the nominal effective exchange rate (with a one-third weight for the latter).
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Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
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© 2013 International Bank for Reco
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vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
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Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
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Acknowledgments This report has bee
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
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Page 22 and 23: 4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
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Page 38 and 39: Goals and Targets from the Millenni
Page 40 and 41: Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
Page 42 and 43: primary completion, and access to s
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
Page 46 and 47: MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
Page 48 and 49: MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
Page 50 and 51: MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
Page 52 and 53: MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
Page 54 and 55: MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 6e Children under age 5 who
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 7b Access to sanitation by r
Page 60 and 61: Improving the measurement of develo
Page 63 and 64: 1 Macroeconomic, Trade, and Aid Dev
Page 65 and 66: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 MACRO
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Page 103 and 104: 2 Rural-Urban Disparities and Dynam
Page 105 and 106: GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
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GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 RURAL
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3 How Can Urbanization Accelerate P
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GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 URBAN
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Appendix Table A1.1 Classification
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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