rural-urban dynamics_report.pdf - Khazar University

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172 URBANIZATION AND THE MDGS GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 across cities. But the Bank cannot do this alone. The key is for the urban community to come together to build a global pool of experience and evidence that all can draw and build from to better inform the tough and often irreversible decisions that city leaders need to make to harness urbanization for sustainable development. Other organizations Various bilateral agencies and United Nations (UN) agencies have also undertaken initiatives to assist urbanization. Such efforts include several led by the UN Population Fund (box A3.3) and a joint effort by various bilateral and multilateral institutions, known as the Cities Alliance (box A3.4). BOX 3A.3 UNFPA’s work on urbanization Urbanization in the BRICS. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) have collaborated for the past four years on a wide-ranging knowledge-building project focusing on urbanization in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). These five countries provide some inspiring examples of how to seize the opportunities that urbanization can provide. All have gone through difficult periods when they tried to resist the predictable movement of people into their cities, or steered people or enterprises to inappropriate urban locations. Several of the BRICS bear heavy burdens from past failures to accommodate urban population growth equitably and efficiently. To avoid such burdens, cities and nations need to plan proactively for urban growth, making use of both markets and planning tools, and engaging with all sectors of society, including the economically and politically weakest. Urbanization and gender dynamics. UNFPA also partnered with IIED to develop the conceptual and empirical foundations of the links between urbanization and gender dynamics. For example, a recent working paper highlights the tendency to plan against, rather than for, low-income urban residents and its implications from a gender perspective. This planning does not exclude the urban poor from income-generating activities but makes it difficult for them to secure decent living conditions. In so doing, inadequate urban policies place a disproportionate burden on reproduction rather than on production activities, and on women rather than men. A gendered understanding of urbanization and urban poverty highlights how urban disadvantage also includes limited access to shelter and basic services. Urbanization, climate vulnerability, and adaptation planning. The UNFPA’s work in this area points to the vital role that understanding population dynamics and extensively using demographic data has in developing preemptive and effective adaptation policies and practices. It also illuminates who is vulnerable and how to help build their resilience. POPClimate web platform. Spatial analysis of population data is at the core of understanding and acting on climate vulnerability, particularly in highconcentration, high-exposure urban areas where vulnerability is dynamic and climate impacts threaten the lives and livelihoods of many. The POPClimate web platform was developed around UNFPA’s manual on the analysis of census data for climate adaptation planning and was designed to bring together a community of data users, climate practitioners, and adaptation planners who can develop, share, and comment on new approaches for data-driven adaptation planning. The website is open to select users now and has been launched publicly (http://nijel.org /un_popclimate/). Other UNFPA initiatives on urbanization. UNFPA contributed to the development of the World Bank’s Urban Risk Assessment methodology, particularly focusing on the importance of a dynamic understanding of risk and vulnerability that integrates urban growth and change. It is also engaged in with IIED to come up with more innovative ways to manage densities in cities and is conducting joint research in the field of urban food security. Source: UNFPA 2013.
GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT 2013 URBANIZATION AND THE MDGS 173 BOX 3A.4 Cities Alliance: A new business model to promote systemic change and scale The Cities Alliance is a global partnership whose members include multilateral and bilateral development agencies, donor and developing-country governments, international associations of local government, and two international nongovernmental organizations, one of which represents slum dwellers. Launched by the World Bank and UN-Habitat in 1999, the Cities Alliance was immediately successful in ensuring that the issue of slums was integrated into the international development agenda. Today, working through its members, the Cities Alliance seeks to strengthen and promote the role of cities in poverty reduction and sustainable development, improve synergies between and among members and partners, and improve the quality of urban development cooperation. Good urban policies need to be based on solid data, the generation of which the Cities Alliance has supported: from the sophisticated and comprehensive HABISP model in São Paulo, a which provides comprehensive information on housing and other socioeconomic conditions of the urban poor, to the Know Your City campaign, which sees that slum dwellers collaborate with their local governments to find solutions to problems faced by slum dwellers. To help its partners better respond to the challenges of urbanization, the Cities Alliance recently completely restructured its organization, adopted a new charter, and changed its business model. Moving decisively away from single, often ad hoc projects, the Cities Alliance used a $15 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to move the fulcrum of its work program to longer-term, programmatic support in the form of multifaceted country programs. The combination of multiple activities in support of a coherent national program holds very real promise for the systemic change and scale impacts that the Cities Alliance is seeking to support. In Uganda, for example, that support is focused on all 14 secondary cities, which is not only where the bulk of urbanization is taking place, but also where capacity constraints, infrastructure backlogs, and affordability challenges are most extreme. With the support of Cities Alliance members, including both the World Bank and Slum Dwellers International, the government of Uganda is drafting a national urban policy. In small cities like Arua, Jinja, and Mbarara, slum dwellers are forming savings groups and carrying out slum enumerations. Slum dwellers and local governments are now talking to each other, land is being made available, and basic services are being provided. A $130 million World Bank loan will soon start to provide much needed critical infrastructure in these secondary cities. a. www.habisp.inf.br. Notes 1. In the United States, transaction taxes are around 1–2 percent of property values. 2. This includes national government clearing of subnational borrowing. 3. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/cps-kaz- 2012-2016-ssa-03.pdf. 4. http://www.adb.org/sites.default.files/cps-uzb- 2012-2016-ssa-04.pdf. 5. Emerging cities are defined as cities with populations of 100,000 to 2,500,000 that are growing—economically and demographically— faster than the national average. Currently, more than 140 cities, with a total population of about 70 million inhabitants, fit that definition. References AfDB (African Development Bank). 2011. Transforming Africa’s Cities and Towns into Engines of Economic Growth and Social Development. AfDB, Tunis. ———. 2013. “Fostering Shared Growth, Urbanization, Inequality and Poverty in Africa.” AfDB, Tunis. Ahmed, W., and I. Menzies. 2012. “Using Output-Based Aid in Urban Projects.” OBA Approaches Note 44. The Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid, Washington, DC. Alm, James. 2011. “Municipal Finance of Urban Infrastructure: Knowns and Unknowns.” Working Paper 1103, Tulane University Department of Economics, New Orleans.
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Global Monitoring Report 2013 Rural
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© 2013 International Bank for Reco
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vi CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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viii CONTENTS GLOBAL MONITORING REP
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Foreword Global Monitoring Report (
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Acknowledgments This report has bee
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asia
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GMR 2013 Rural-Urban Dynamics and t
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4 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPORT
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10 OVERVIEW GLOBAL MONITORING REPOR
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Goals and Targets from the Millenni
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Progress toward the MDGs Only two y
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primary completion, and access to s
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FIGURE 1a Poverty rates (living on
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MDG 2 Achieve universal primary edu
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MDG 3 Promote gender equality and e
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MDG 4 Reduce child mortality In mos
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MDG 5 Reduce maternal mortality MDG
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MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
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FIGURE 6e Children under age 5 who
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FIGURE 7b Access to sanitation by r
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Improving the measurement of develo
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1 Macroeconomic, Trade, and Aid Dev
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2 Rural-Urban Disparities and Dynam
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