INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGEMENT (IPAC) - BIDS

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Glossary Arat Aratdar Bahaddar Bazaar Bepari Crore Dadon Dadondar Faria Lakh Hat Jaal Mahajan Majhi Generally an office, a store, or a warehouse in a market place from which Aratdar conducts his business. Main actor in SRF products (e.g. fish) distribution system; either acts as wholesaler or commission agent, or covers both functions at the same time; carries out public auctions, and is the main provider of credit in the marketing chain. Owner of fishing boats Market Middleman in the marketing chain who transports the SRF products to other places; use of term depends on the location; sometimes also used synonymously with retailer. Ten million Loan as part of interlocked credit-marketing transactions, whereby, traditionally, the loaner has to sell to/through the loan provider at a discounted price. Provider of dadon loan; traditionally acts as moneylender cum trader. Local trader/agent/intermediary One hundred thousand. (Small) market place where market exchanges are carried out either once, twice, or thrice a week, however, not every day. Fishing net (note there is a large number of different types of nets, as described in the text) Powerful intermediary in value chain - traditional moneylender Captain of boat. Boatman or majhi of boat responsible of the trip such as fishing, golpata collection. He leads the team in fishing or collection of SRF products Mokam Paikar Goons Bhara goons Mara goons Bagda Fry Gher Galda Markets; important markets in often district capitals Middleman in the marketing chain; often covers the assembly function in the chain, acting as dadondar at the same time; depending on the location sometimes also referred to as wholesaler or retailer. Peak time of a month related to moon, usually referred to fishing Most appropriate time when fish catch is most plentiful, around full moon Appropriate time (next to Bhara goons) when fish catch is plentiful, around new moon Salt water shrimp Baby shrimp and prawns Ponds inside polders used for the cultivation of fish or shrimp Fresh water prawn Golpata measurement unit/conversion factors 1 Kahon = 16 pon (Approximately 16 maunds) 1 Pon =20 gondas 1 gonda= 4 leaves xviii
Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction, Study Background and Methodology The Sundarbans has a tremendous impact on the ecosystem of this country, region and the world as a whole. Apart from providing timber and fire wood resources, it is a source of food, crops, fish, medicinal plants, ecotourism and recreation. Besides deriving economic value of directly extracted goods, the Sundarbans serves as coastal protection from cyclones and tidal surges. It provides livelihoods to the local and national economy. That sustainable use of the mangrove forest would yield higher welfare benefits than any other activities towards its development is well documented. A decision to develop Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF) would be “extremely damaging, not only to current population’s welfare benefits but for the future generations as well”(see, for example, Landell-Mills 1995). This merely highlights the importance of protecting the SRF through its sustainable use. There are documents and studies (e.g., SBCP-Proposal 2003, Rahman, CNRS 2007) that identified a full range of user group stakeholder categories with an analysis of the extent to which the hundreds of thousands of poor resource users hide other more powerful actors. It has been observed that although the resource users undertook over-extraction the poor users are most exploited by the moneylenders, only to expedite the process of pauperization. There are other studies that have been confined principally to provide general account of the populations and descriptions of the nature and amount of goods extracted in the areas surrounding the SRF. A recent study by Hossain (2007) (financed by USAID’s Nishorgo Support Project) mapped out the range of major stakeholder groups that were involved in marketing of forest resources. While the relationships, flows and categories are catalogued in general terms, one has to explore the economic relationships behind, while so far there are few studies addressing economics of SRF extractions. The present study demonstrates that poverty levels of SIZ areas, compared to non-SIZ areas, are quite high (see Chapter 2 for a comparative analysis) 1 . Naturally, the issue arises as to why the SIZ population is living in poverty and whether SRF extraction activities have any bearing on this poverty situation. This study is an attempt to explore this through undertaking value chain analysis. Objectives of the Study Following the above background, the major objective of the present study, which is perhaps the first of this kind within SRF, is to understand and, where possible, quantify the economics of extraction and sale of products marketed from the Sundarbans Reserved Forest (SRF). In other words, the study is expected to provide a foundation upon which economic and other interventions can be more efficiently designed and implemented for the SRF and associated Protected Areas upon which economic interventions, climate change actions, and governance interventions can be more efficiently designed and implemented for the SRF and associated Protected Areas, in support of the improved, collaborative management and sustainable use of these resources. 1 For example, the current study demonstrates that the SIZ upazilas have a much higher extreme poverty rates (0.42) compared to non-SIZ upazilas in Bangladesh (0.26). xix
Page 1 and 2: INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGE
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Page 6 and 7: money lenders) who were often suspi
Page 8 and 9: 2.1 Profile of SIZ Districts ......
Page 10 and 11: 5.3.6 Shrimp Small (galda and bagda
Page 12 and 13: Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
Page 14 and 15: Table 5.20: Distribution of SRF act
Page 16 and 17: Figure 5.1: Basic structure of SRF
Page 18 and 19: Figure 5.55: Distribution of income
Page 20 and 21: Acronyms and Abbreviations ACF = As
Page 24 and 25: In particular, the study is expecte
Page 26 and 27: Characteristics of SRF Actors and P
Page 28 and 29: The most difficult problem that had
Page 30 and 31: GDP and Livelihoods Based on availa
Page 32 and 33: Occupation Pattern of SRF Collector
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4: Mapping for Core Steps a
Page 36 and 37: Nevertheless, the shrimp fry collec
Page 38 and 39: Crab Chain: Collector ⇒ Mahajan
Page 40 and 41: Value addition and return for gura
Page 42 and 43: Value addition and return for hilsh
Page 44 and 45: Wholesaler 3.1 26.1 19.3 Retailer 1
Page 46 and 47: Crab Crab collectors provide the hi
Page 48 and 49: Distribution of Actors Income - Inc
Page 50 and 51: Shrimp Large (galda and bagda) The
Page 52 and 53: Majhis/Beparis (9.5 %), Choto Mahaj
Page 54 and 55: of value chains, in terms of return
Page 56 and 57: Service Centers and Financial Suppo
Page 58 and 59: those leased-out canals. There shou
Page 60 and 61: Infrastructure of web-cam through o
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 1: Introduction, Study Back
Page 64 and 65: Although the resource users are bla
Page 66 and 67: advocates of conservation in return
Page 68 and 69: 1.4.1 Principal Tools Briefly, the
Page 70 and 71: Shrimps have been divided into four
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In the process of our consultations
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The value chain framework, which is
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The study carries out micro level a
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an idea about possible market power
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Table 1.4: Usual harvest time of SR
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others, occupational pattern, incom
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Chapter 2: SIZ District and Upazila
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Map 2.2: Map of SIZ Districts: Khul
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Table 2.2: Proportion of SIZ area a
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SIZ 58 55.7 93 44.5 5 25 Districts
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Figure 2.5: Per capita district GDP
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Figure 2.7: SIZ per capita lands by
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CHAPTER 3 FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY
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Satkhira 60 25.3 Pirojpur 11 4.6 Ba
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Retailer 107.2 30.2 All 87.5 48.7 F
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Like in other harvests, some of the
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Aratdars (11.6%) and Farias/Beparis
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Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
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Hantal 1.0 16.0 1.0 1.0 19.0 All 1.
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8.Unemployed 7.Self-employed 6.Cons
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Table 3.19: Repayment mode in SRF t
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In spite of the above, dadon is pre
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Incidence of pests 8.9 24.9 48.1 7.
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• Set up hand-driven tube-well at
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3.5 Historical Moratorium on SRF Pr
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Chandpai .15* - 1.62** .16* .17* .1
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CHAPTER 4 MAPPING FOR CORE STEPS AN
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Table 4.1: Sectors and products und
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We start with timber 4.3.1 Timber -
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4.3.3 Fish The fish sector consists
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Shrimp (Galda and Bagda) Chain 1: F
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Flow chart 4.8: Value chain for Cra
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Average number of boats involved in
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ola Khulna 1019 200 58 31 10 2 12 1
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year. On the assumption that one ac
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600 569 000 no. 500 400 300 200 225
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Table 4.11: Proportions of SRF prod
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Figure 4.7: Volume of products (%)
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Chapter 5: Value Chain Analysis for
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Beparis sell, in addition to Choto
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Volume of trade The price value add
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5.2.2 Gura Fish As large network of
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140 Gura fish selling price (Tk per
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A specific group of people having g
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Sada fish gross return (monthly) by
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Net/boat owners are actually Mahaja
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Figure 5.17: Hilsha gross return (T
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Gross returns and net returns Aratd
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Figure 5.23: Shrimp galda large net
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Figure 5.25: Shrimp bagda large sel
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Table 5.7: Value addition and retur
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Figure 5.31: Shrimp galda small net
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Figure 5.36: Shrimp bagda small val
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Average selling Price/piece Price V
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Figure 5.40: Shrimp fry galda value
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Shrimp fry bagda value addition (%)
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Crab gross return (monthly) by acto
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Note: See note under Table 5.1. (10
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Honey net return (monthly) by actor
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The degree of inequality is quite h
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Cumulative income share (%) 100 80
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Figure 5.59: Lorenz curve: Gura fis
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Decile 8 14.6 Decile 9 17.9 Decile
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Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
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Actors Monthly income Duration (Mon
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Table 5.24: Annual income level of
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Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
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anking actors, it can be seen that
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In terms of distribution by deciles
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Table 5.32: Annual income level of
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Decile 3 2.9 Decile 4 3.9 Decile 5
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PO
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actors community). Our survey findi
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The foremost policy, therefore, wil
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nets” to the collectors, along wi
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empowerment, awareness and overall
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of co-management. That co-managemen
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SRF collectors as a major problem o
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the problem as very high is more th
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Bernacsek, G. and E. Haque (2001).
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Kleih Ulrich (2003). “Fish Distri
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