INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGEMENT (IPAC) - BIDS

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The most difficult problem that had to be encountered is the collection of unofficial and illegal tolls/expenses incurred in the process of undertaking the business, starting from resource collection to final consumers. Some agents (except, perhaps, resource collectors) had the tendency to conceal information, considering this to be a business secret. This was more evident when there is illegal business. In such cases, some triangulation techniques from various informal sources or some judgment had to be applied. Following that the collection of such information is somewhat tricky, one has to be careful in digging out such illegal and unofficial payments including expenses on account of ransoms 6 . In estimating the production costs of collectors, family labor costs are imputed based on prevailing wage rates and considering 50 percent as opportunity costs of labor. Retailers' transport costs were estimated by taking information on total transportation cost of all types of products bought at a time, and then apportioning this for the selected items. This required some standardization of transportation cost, which could have resulted in under or over estimation although this is assumed to be counter balancing. Given the multi-dimensional pattern of flows, the aggregate estimate of the “number of agents involved”/“jobs created” from the Sundarbans would be tentative in this brief study. A stated ban on timber felling remains in effect for the Sundarbans since1989. Some of the actors associated with timbers have been displaced; some have altogether abandoned the profession. The flows for timber were carried out with the help of some timber traders who used to be in operation in the past. Some reported unofficial logging (e.g., in Patharghata) has been contemplated to capture this. Fortunately, ban on golpata has been withdrawn and during our survey the harvest of golpata was in full swing. Lack of standardization of SRF products (e.g., crab, sada fish, gura fish, hilsha) in terms of size, quality and grade posed a major difficulty in the investigation of value chains 7 . To surmount this problem, this brief study had little option but to consider an average grade of the products. Seasonality of SRF activities posed another major problem in conducting interviews. Except for fish, different harvests have different time periods (see Figure). A number of problem analyses were carried out with people, particularly at the bottom layers, that is, collectors of a number of SRF products. The core of the problem was their “low income”. The reason for which the study team did the problem analysis or constructed problem trees, was to understand the reasons for the low income of the SRF collectors. The “cause and “effect” relationships of the “low income of the SRF collectors” were elaborated in the problem trees. The analyses were particularly important to upgrade the situation of the bottom layer actors of the value chains. The subsequent objective analysis from the problem tree gave a clear conception regarding potential interventions, some of which are suggested in the final chapter on policy implications. Structure of the Report The report is organized in six chapters along the major theme of the study - value chain analysis of SRF extraction activities. Starting with the Chapter 1 presenting the study background and objectives and methodology, Chapter 2 presents SIZ district and upazila profiles. Chapter 3 presents the findings related to various aspects of economics of SRF extraction. Chapter 4 deals with mapping for flows, actors, jobs and volume along the value chains. Chapter 5 deals with the major theme of the study - value chain analyses. Finally, Chapter 6 presents policy implications. 6 SRF agents, by and large, became suspicious of the study aims and investigations, particularly so in the case of Mahajans, Aratdars and money lenders. 7 For example, crabs have at least 16 grades according to sizes and weights. xxiv
Chapter 2: SIZ District and Upazila Profile Selected Socio-economic Indicators The five SIZ districts have an estimated (2009) population of 85.5 lacs which constitute about 6.0 percent of the total Bangladesh population. SIZ districts have an area of about 15,352 sq km which represents 10.4 percent of country’s area. The density of population in SIZ districts (557) is far below the national average (966), nearly 58 percent less. Approximately 49 percent of the total area of five districts lies in SIZ. Khulna has the highest area to lie in SIZ (72.3%), followed by Satkhira (51.0%), Bagerhat (41.4%), Pirojpur (27.0%) and lowest in Barguna (21.1%). In terms of population (estimated for 2009), about 28.1 percent of five-district total population belongs to in the SIZ. The total population belonging to SIZ thus estimates as 0.24 million. The highest percentage of population live in Bagerhat SIZ (56.4%), followed by Khulna (24.1%), Pirojpur (23.6%), Barguna (20.7%) and the lowest in Satkhira SIZ (17.0%). Based on available information, 25 percent of the households in the SIZ enjoy the electricity connection, which is below that in the coastal zone (31%) or the country as a whole (31%). Similarly, the number of active tube wells per Km 2 in SIZ is 5 compared to 7 in both coastal and national average. The percentage of households enjoying sanitation in SIZ is 44.5, which compares favorably with the national average (36.9%). Child mortality rate for every thousand is estimated at 93, compared to 103 for the coastal district and 90 for Bangladesh as a whole. Usual calendar of SRF resource extraction SRF Product Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Golpata M E R E R E M E Sada fish M-E R E M E R E M E Hilsha R-E M E R E Shrimp Galda/Bagda R E M E R E M E Shrimp fry M E M E R E R E R E Shutki M P R P R P M P Crab M E R E M E Honey M E RE Major extraction M E Major Processing M P Reduced extraction R E Reduced Processing R P xxv
Page 1 and 2: INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGE
Page 3: Washington, DC 20036 202-289-0100 F
Page 6 and 7: money lenders) who were often suspi
Page 8 and 9: 2.1 Profile of SIZ Districts ......
Page 10 and 11: 5.3.6 Shrimp Small (galda and bagda
Page 12 and 13: Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
Page 14 and 15: Table 5.20: Distribution of SRF act
Page 16 and 17: Figure 5.1: Basic structure of SRF
Page 18 and 19: Figure 5.55: Distribution of income
Page 20 and 21: Acronyms and Abbreviations ACF = As
Page 22 and 23: Glossary Arat Aratdar Bahaddar Baza
Page 24 and 25: In particular, the study is expecte
Page 26 and 27: Characteristics of SRF Actors and P
Page 30 and 31: GDP and Livelihoods Based on availa
Page 32 and 33: Occupation Pattern of SRF Collector
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4: Mapping for Core Steps a
Page 36 and 37: Nevertheless, the shrimp fry collec
Page 38 and 39: Crab Chain: Collector ⇒ Mahajan
Page 40 and 41: Value addition and return for gura
Page 42 and 43: Value addition and return for hilsh
Page 44 and 45: Wholesaler 3.1 26.1 19.3 Retailer 1
Page 46 and 47: Crab Crab collectors provide the hi
Page 48 and 49: Distribution of Actors Income - Inc
Page 50 and 51: Shrimp Large (galda and bagda) The
Page 52 and 53: Majhis/Beparis (9.5 %), Choto Mahaj
Page 54 and 55: of value chains, in terms of return
Page 56 and 57: Service Centers and Financial Suppo
Page 58 and 59: those leased-out canals. There shou
Page 60 and 61: Infrastructure of web-cam through o
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 1: Introduction, Study Back
Page 64 and 65: Although the resource users are bla
Page 66 and 67: advocates of conservation in return
Page 68 and 69: 1.4.1 Principal Tools Briefly, the
Page 70 and 71: Shrimps have been divided into four
Page 72 and 73: In the process of our consultations
Page 74 and 75: The value chain framework, which is
Page 76 and 77: The study carries out micro level a
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an idea about possible market power
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Table 1.4: Usual harvest time of SR
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others, occupational pattern, incom
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Chapter 2: SIZ District and Upazila
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Map 2.2: Map of SIZ Districts: Khul
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Table 2.2: Proportion of SIZ area a
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SIZ 58 55.7 93 44.5 5 25 Districts
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Figure 2.5: Per capita district GDP
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Figure 2.7: SIZ per capita lands by
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CHAPTER 3 FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY
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Satkhira 60 25.3 Pirojpur 11 4.6 Ba
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Retailer 107.2 30.2 All 87.5 48.7 F
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Like in other harvests, some of the
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Aratdars (11.6%) and Farias/Beparis
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Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
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Hantal 1.0 16.0 1.0 1.0 19.0 All 1.
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8.Unemployed 7.Self-employed 6.Cons
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Table 3.19: Repayment mode in SRF t
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In spite of the above, dadon is pre
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Incidence of pests 8.9 24.9 48.1 7.
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• Set up hand-driven tube-well at
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3.5 Historical Moratorium on SRF Pr
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Chandpai .15* - 1.62** .16* .17* .1
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CHAPTER 4 MAPPING FOR CORE STEPS AN
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Table 4.1: Sectors and products und
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We start with timber 4.3.1 Timber -
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4.3.3 Fish The fish sector consists
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Shrimp (Galda and Bagda) Chain 1: F
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Flow chart 4.8: Value chain for Cra
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Average number of boats involved in
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ola Khulna 1019 200 58 31 10 2 12 1
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year. On the assumption that one ac
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600 569 000 no. 500 400 300 200 225
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Table 4.11: Proportions of SRF prod
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Figure 4.7: Volume of products (%)
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Chapter 5: Value Chain Analysis for
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Beparis sell, in addition to Choto
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Volume of trade The price value add
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5.2.2 Gura Fish As large network of
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140 Gura fish selling price (Tk per
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A specific group of people having g
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Sada fish gross return (monthly) by
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Net/boat owners are actually Mahaja
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Figure 5.17: Hilsha gross return (T
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Gross returns and net returns Aratd
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Figure 5.23: Shrimp galda large net
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Figure 5.25: Shrimp bagda large sel
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Table 5.7: Value addition and retur
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Figure 5.31: Shrimp galda small net
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Figure 5.36: Shrimp bagda small val
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Average selling Price/piece Price V
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Figure 5.40: Shrimp fry galda value
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Shrimp fry bagda value addition (%)
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Crab gross return (monthly) by acto
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Note: See note under Table 5.1. (10
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Honey net return (monthly) by actor
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The degree of inequality is quite h
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Cumulative income share (%) 100 80
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Figure 5.59: Lorenz curve: Gura fis
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Decile 8 14.6 Decile 9 17.9 Decile
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Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
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Actors Monthly income Duration (Mon
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Table 5.24: Annual income level of
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Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
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anking actors, it can be seen that
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In terms of distribution by deciles
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Table 5.32: Annual income level of
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Decile 3 2.9 Decile 4 3.9 Decile 5
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PO
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actors community). Our survey findi
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The foremost policy, therefore, wil
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nets” to the collectors, along wi
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empowerment, awareness and overall
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of co-management. That co-managemen
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SRF collectors as a major problem o
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the problem as very high is more th
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Bernacsek, G. and E. Haque (2001).
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Kleih Ulrich (2003). “Fish Distri
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