INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGEMENT (IPAC) - BIDS

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Chapter 1: Introduction, Study Background and Methodology 1.1 Introduction and Study Background The study report has been divided into two volumes: Volume I (Main Report) and Volume II (Supporting Information) 20 . This volume is concerned with the main report. This chapter discusses background to the study 21 and describes how the study was carried out, and includes a discussion of the research scope, research design and limitations. The Sundarbans Reserved Forest (SRF) is the largest contiguous block of mangrove forest in the world. It has an area of about 10,000 sq. km. Some 62% of the forest is in Bangladesh and 38% in India. In Bangladesh the SRF, which is managed by the Forest Department, constitutes 52% of the forest estate of the country and contributes about 41% of the total forest revenue. There are innumerable rivers and canals across the SRF. Nearly 450 large and small rivers occupy about 1.8 lac hectares or about 30 percent of the Sundarbans. The biggest river is the Pusur. The forest is within the three administrative districts of Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat. Administered by the Forest Department (FD), the area is divided into four forest ranges, namely Sarankhola, Chandpai, Khulna, and Satkhira (Burigoalini). Three patches of the forest in the south have been declared as “Wildlife Sanctuaries”. They are Kachikhali-Katka sanctuary in the Sarankhola Range, Neelkomol (at Hiron point) in Khulna Range and Mandarbari in the Burigoalini Range. The UNES<strong>CO</strong> declared it as one of the most important world heritages. The Sundarbans has a tremendous impact on the ecosystem of this country, region and the world, as a whole. A biologically diverse ecosystem, dynamic and complex, it has been used by mankind for generations. Apart from providing timber and fire wood resources, it is a source of food, crops, fish, medicinal plants, ecotourism and recreation. It provides wildlife habitat, notably for the Royal Bengal Tiger. The SRF interfaces with cultivated lands intersected by tidal rivers, canals and streams. The waves and tides with changes in water depth and its biochemical constituents, and fresh water from rivers are the basis on which life and ecosystems depend. Besides deriving economic value of directly extracted goods the Sundarbans serves as coastal protection from cyclones and tidal surges. It contributes to the local and national economy. Estimates on the number of employment provided by SRF widely vary but it is believed to be more than half a million. The population in the immediate vicinity of the SRF is approximately two million people, with a quarter of them directly dependent on the SRF itself 22 . The 20 As the study has generated vulmenous data and information, the division is made in order to make it more readers- friendly. One has to read this volume (Main Report) in combination with Volume II (Supporting Information). 21 Some of the study background is drawn on the initial proposal and ToR of the study, prepared by <strong>IPAC</strong>, IRG and the Principal Investigator of the study. 22 Integrated Resource Development of the Sundarbans Reserved Forest: Project Findings and Recommendations. Report prepared for the Government of Bangladesh by the FAO, Rome, 1998. 2
Integrated Resource Development Plan estimates that “at least half a million participate to a greater or lesser extent in SRF resource utilization” 23 . Nevertheless, various studies pointed to the fact that poverty levels of the population living around the SRF are likely to be high (For an analysis on SIZ poverty levels, see district and upazila profiles in Chapter 2). The extraction of goods from the Sundarbans has had a harmful effect on the terrestrial and aquatic resource base. Even in the most remote parts of the SRF, the largest trees of Sundri and some other species are gradually disappearing from the forest. This is true even in the three Wildlife Sanctuaries included within the SRF. It is commonly accepted even within the Forest Department that the forest is being depleted at a rate faster than it can replenish itself. There are several other documents concluding that the ‘Sundarbans are in depletion’ 24 . That this depletion has continued in the decade as also evident from interviews with people living in the area in the present study. Studies of the economic analysis of those having economic and ecological impact on the SRF have been confined principally to provide general account of the populations and descriptions of the nature and amount of goods extracted in the areas surrounding the SRF. On the other hand, there exist a large number of studies on poverty, however, for areas throughout rural Bangladesh. There are little specific information on the SRF areas. Analyses undertaken of threats and opportunities of the SRF have commonly identified the presence of a large population of poor households in the immediate vicinity of the SRF, including many thousands that depend directly on the direct use of the SRF resources for their survival. The MARC surveys of 1996 include household surveys of poor households in the buffer areas of the Sundarbans 25 . The socio-economic reporting from those surveys (such as those included in the final Integrated Resources Management Plan, Volume I) highlight the characteristics of the surrounding poor, but offer little information about the other stakeholders involved in resource extraction. The draft revised SBCP (Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project) proposal prepared by the Forest Department in 2003 identified a full range of user group stakeholder categories with an analysis of the extent to which the hundreds of thousands of poor resource users hide other more powerful actors 26 . The increased population with few alternative livelihood opportunities poses a serious threat to the Sundarbans which is the main cause of mangrove destruction (FAO 2003; Waggoner and Ausubel 2001; Ong 1995). Moreover, dependence of local people on the forest is high (18% of the households in the SIZ are dependent on the forest, as the present study reveals) and in future this dependence will increase (Anon 2001c), which is likely to aggravate the existing pressure on the government mechanisms for forest management and protection 27 . 23 Integrated Resource Development Plan, Volume I, 1998. 24 AGRIFOR Consult (2008). Formulation Study for Sundarbans Environmental And Livelihoods Security (SEALS) project, EU, Bangladesh; Sundarban Biodiversity Conservation Project. 1999. Financial proposal 2, Loan component. ARCADIS Euroconsult. In association with Winrock International, Kranti and Naco, Government of Bangladesh. 25 MARC 1995, Socio-Economic Study Final Report, FAO/UNDP Project BGD/84/056, Integrated Resources Development of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Khulna, Bangladesh. 26 See also Rahman (2007), CNRS 27 The present study suggests that more than 28 percent of SIZ population are dependent on SRF (Chapter 2). 3
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INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGE
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Washington, DC 20036 202-289-0100 F
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money lenders) who were often suspi
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2.1 Profile of SIZ Districts ......
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5.3.6 Shrimp Small (galda and bagda
Page 12 and 13: Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
Page 14 and 15: Table 5.20: Distribution of SRF act
Page 16 and 17: Figure 5.1: Basic structure of SRF
Page 18 and 19: Figure 5.55: Distribution of income
Page 20 and 21: Acronyms and Abbreviations ACF = As
Page 22 and 23: Glossary Arat Aratdar Bahaddar Baza
Page 24 and 25: In particular, the study is expecte
Page 26 and 27: Characteristics of SRF Actors and P
Page 28 and 29: The most difficult problem that had
Page 30 and 31: GDP and Livelihoods Based on availa
Page 32 and 33: Occupation Pattern of SRF Collector
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 4: Mapping for Core Steps a
Page 36 and 37: Nevertheless, the shrimp fry collec
Page 38 and 39: Crab Chain: Collector ⇒ Mahajan
Page 40 and 41: Value addition and return for gura
Page 42 and 43: Value addition and return for hilsh
Page 44 and 45: Wholesaler 3.1 26.1 19.3 Retailer 1
Page 46 and 47: Crab Crab collectors provide the hi
Page 48 and 49: Distribution of Actors Income - Inc
Page 50 and 51: Shrimp Large (galda and bagda) The
Page 52 and 53: Majhis/Beparis (9.5 %), Choto Mahaj
Page 54 and 55: of value chains, in terms of return
Page 56 and 57: Service Centers and Financial Suppo
Page 58 and 59: those leased-out canals. There shou
Page 60 and 61: Infrastructure of web-cam through o
Page 64 and 65: Although the resource users are bla
Page 66 and 67: advocates of conservation in return
Page 68 and 69: 1.4.1 Principal Tools Briefly, the
Page 70 and 71: Shrimps have been divided into four
Page 72 and 73: In the process of our consultations
Page 74 and 75: The value chain framework, which is
Page 76 and 77: The study carries out micro level a
Page 78 and 79: an idea about possible market power
Page 80 and 81: Table 1.4: Usual harvest time of SR
Page 82 and 83: others, occupational pattern, incom
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 2: SIZ District and Upazila
Page 86: Map 2.2: Map of SIZ Districts: Khul
Page 89 and 90: Table 2.2: Proportion of SIZ area a
Page 91 and 92: SIZ 58 55.7 93 44.5 5 25 Districts
Page 93 and 94: Figure 2.5: Per capita district GDP
Page 95 and 96: Figure 2.7: SIZ per capita lands by
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 3 FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY
Page 99 and 100: Satkhira 60 25.3 Pirojpur 11 4.6 Ba
Page 101 and 102: Retailer 107.2 30.2 All 87.5 48.7 F
Page 103 and 104: Like in other harvests, some of the
Page 105 and 106: Aratdars (11.6%) and Farias/Beparis
Page 107 and 108: Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
Page 109 and 110: Hantal 1.0 16.0 1.0 1.0 19.0 All 1.
Page 111 and 112: 8.Unemployed 7.Self-employed 6.Cons
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Table 3.19: Repayment mode in SRF t
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In spite of the above, dadon is pre
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Incidence of pests 8.9 24.9 48.1 7.
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• Set up hand-driven tube-well at
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3.5 Historical Moratorium on SRF Pr
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Chandpai .15* - 1.62** .16* .17* .1
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CHAPTER 4 MAPPING FOR CORE STEPS AN
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Table 4.1: Sectors and products und
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We start with timber 4.3.1 Timber -
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4.3.3 Fish The fish sector consists
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Shrimp (Galda and Bagda) Chain 1: F
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Flow chart 4.8: Value chain for Cra
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Average number of boats involved in
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ola Khulna 1019 200 58 31 10 2 12 1
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year. On the assumption that one ac
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600 569 000 no. 500 400 300 200 225
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Table 4.11: Proportions of SRF prod
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Figure 4.7: Volume of products (%)
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Chapter 5: Value Chain Analysis for
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Beparis sell, in addition to Choto
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Volume of trade The price value add
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5.2.2 Gura Fish As large network of
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140 Gura fish selling price (Tk per
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A specific group of people having g
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Sada fish gross return (monthly) by
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Net/boat owners are actually Mahaja
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Figure 5.17: Hilsha gross return (T
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Gross returns and net returns Aratd
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Figure 5.23: Shrimp galda large net
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Figure 5.25: Shrimp bagda large sel
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Table 5.7: Value addition and retur
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Figure 5.31: Shrimp galda small net
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Figure 5.36: Shrimp bagda small val
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Average selling Price/piece Price V
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Figure 5.40: Shrimp fry galda value
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Shrimp fry bagda value addition (%)
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Crab gross return (monthly) by acto
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Note: See note under Table 5.1. (10
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Honey net return (monthly) by actor
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The degree of inequality is quite h
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Cumulative income share (%) 100 80
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Figure 5.59: Lorenz curve: Gura fis
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Decile 8 14.6 Decile 9 17.9 Decile
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Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
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Actors Monthly income Duration (Mon
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Table 5.24: Annual income level of
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Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
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anking actors, it can be seen that
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In terms of distribution by deciles
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Table 5.32: Annual income level of
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Decile 3 2.9 Decile 4 3.9 Decile 5
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PO
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actors community). Our survey findi
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The foremost policy, therefore, wil
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nets” to the collectors, along wi
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empowerment, awareness and overall
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of co-management. That co-managemen
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SRF collectors as a major problem o
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the problem as very high is more th
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Bernacsek, G. and E. Haque (2001).
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Kleih Ulrich (2003). “Fish Distri
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