INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGEMENT (IPAC) - BIDS

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the problem as very high is more than 57 percent. The problem has been compounded in that it has already resulted in severe shortage of fresh water in the SIZ area. It is genially perceived that the Sundarbans mangrove, which is the country’s natural protection against cyclone and tidal surge, will be threatened due to inundation 109 . The entire ecosystem with their few hundred species is likely to be affected, as reported by 25 percent of the actors. Both yield and quality of SRF are expected to decline as reported by 41 and 27 percent of the SRF actors respectively. They have particularly mentioned about degradation of honey extraction, in both quantity and quality. Adaptation/Mitigations/Preparedness Taken/Suggested As presently the dykes and embankments are in a terrible state of physical condition, these can hardly provide defense against tidal surges due to the possible climate change and resulting sea level rise. As suggested by the SRF actors, one of the top priorities would be to strengthen these dykes, and construct much needed new ones, including cyclone shelters with basic facilities, in order to reduce vulnerability to population. Homestead raising is generally practiced by higher layer SRF actors. Ensuring access to safe water supply would be one of the top priorities mentioned by the respondent actors. While rainwater harvesting and pond-sand-filter (PSF) techniques are currently practiced by them, it is important to re-excavate ponds and khals for conservation of adequate water 110 . This will at the same time help reduce water logging, which is a major issue in SIZ areas. With regard to agriculture, specialized crops such as salt-tolerant and soil-less species should be promoted according to SRF actors. Although planting more trees (especially coconut trees, and even mangrove plantations) along embankments and roads is already practiced, further efforts need to be stepped up in this respect. The soil-less cultivation system (i.e. hydroponics system) is already practiced by some actors as an adaptation against potential sea level rise and climate change but this has not yet gained much popularity. As a large majority of population in SIZ areas, particularly women community, heavily depends on livestock and poultry for their livelihood, it is important to widely cultivate livestock pasture in newly developed char areas in a bid to improve on food security, instead of leasing them out as a preparation to climate change and sea level rise in the future. The actors suggested to undertaking further and massive social forestry program apart from what have already been implemented. It is important to strengthen afforestation program by planting salinity-tolerant and local species of trees in future to deal with climate change. The actors also suggested that massive public awareness campaigns be undertaken including preparedness training on potential sea-level rise and its impacts. 109 In contrast to what our survey findings revealed, the FGD participants generally did not think that the Sundarbans will be going under the water due to sea level rise as lots of sedimentation process going on in the SRF area. 110 Such observation was also made in Islam et al (2005). 170
References ADB (1997). Aide Memoire of the Fact-finding Mission of the Asian Development Bank. Biodiversity Conservation in the Sundarbans Reserved Forest Project, Bangladesh. AGRIFOR Consult (2008). “Formulation Study for Sundarbans Environmental and Livelihoods Security (SEALS) Project,” EU, Bangladesh. Ahmed, N. (2007). “Value Chain Analysis for Hilsha Marketing in Coastal Bangladesh,” Agricultural News, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Ahmed, N. and M.M. Rahman (2005). “A Study on Fish Marketing Systems in Gazipur, Bangladesh,” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 287-292. Ahsanullah, M. (1995). Integrated Resource Development of the Sundarbans Reserved Forest. Report on Fishery Harvesting and Marketing, Technical Report, Khulna. Ali, S. M. Z., Q. Shahabuddin, M. Rahman, and M. Ahmed (2009). The Supply Chain and Prices at Different Stages of Hilsha Fish in Bangladesh, prepared for Policy and Planning Support Unit (PPSU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, December (Draft Report). Anon (2001a). “The Bangladesh Tropical Conservation Fund: Preventing and Arresting Accelerating Species Loss in Bangladesh,” Chemonics International Inc., Washington, D.C., US. ⎯ (2001b). “The Bangladesh Sundarbans: A Photoreal Sojourn,” IUCN Bangladesh country office, Dhaka. ⎯ (2001c). “Report on Socio-economic Baseline Study on the Impact Zone of the Sundarbans,” Urban and Rural Planning Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. ⎯ (2003). Principles for a Code of Conduct for the Management and Sustainable Use of Mangrove Ecosystems, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, Washington D.C. www.worldbank.org ARCADIS consult (2003). Eight Mission Report of Common Property Resource Specialist Mission, Report No. 49, ADB BAN, March. Aziz, Nasim (2004). Core Indicators for Protected Areas Monitoring Report - Part I, Nature Conservation Management (NA<strong>CO</strong>M), July. Barkat, A., Shafique Uz Zaman, Nahid Mir Mahmud, and M. Shahadat Hossain Siddiquee (2009). “Economic Risk Assessment Report of The Coastal Livelihoods,” Draft Report, Comprehensive Disaster Management Program (CDMP), Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, Mohakhali, Dhaka. Banglapedia (2003): National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. http://www.banglapedia.org.Dhaka. BBS (2001). Bangladesh Population Census 2001, Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka. ⎯ (2001). Population Census 2001,Community Series, Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka. ⎯ (2001). Zila Series, Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka. ⎯ (2007). Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005, Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka. ⎯ (2008). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2007, Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka. ⎯ (2009). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2008, Govt. of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 171
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INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREA CO-MANAGE
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Washington, DC 20036 202-289-0100 F
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money lenders) who were often suspi
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2.1 Profile of SIZ Districts ......
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5.3.6 Shrimp Small (galda and bagda
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Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
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Table 5.20: Distribution of SRF act
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Figure 5.1: Basic structure of SRF
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Figure 5.55: Distribution of income
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ACF = As
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Glossary Arat Aratdar Bahaddar Baza
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In particular, the study is expecte
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Characteristics of SRF Actors and P
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The most difficult problem that had
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GDP and Livelihoods Based on availa
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Occupation Pattern of SRF Collector
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Chapter 4: Mapping for Core Steps a
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Nevertheless, the shrimp fry collec
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Crab Chain: Collector ⇒ Mahajan
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Value addition and return for gura
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Value addition and return for hilsh
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Wholesaler 3.1 26.1 19.3 Retailer 1
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Crab Crab collectors provide the hi
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Distribution of Actors Income - Inc
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Shrimp Large (galda and bagda) The
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Majhis/Beparis (9.5 %), Choto Mahaj
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of value chains, in terms of return
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Service Centers and Financial Suppo
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those leased-out canals. There shou
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Infrastructure of web-cam through o
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Chapter 1: Introduction, Study Back
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Although the resource users are bla
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advocates of conservation in return
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1.4.1 Principal Tools Briefly, the
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Shrimps have been divided into four
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In the process of our consultations
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The value chain framework, which is
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The study carries out micro level a
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an idea about possible market power
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Table 1.4: Usual harvest time of SR
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others, occupational pattern, incom
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Chapter 2: SIZ District and Upazila
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Map 2.2: Map of SIZ Districts: Khul
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Table 2.2: Proportion of SIZ area a
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SIZ 58 55.7 93 44.5 5 25 Districts
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Figure 2.5: Per capita district GDP
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Figure 2.7: SIZ per capita lands by
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CHAPTER 3 FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY
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Satkhira 60 25.3 Pirojpur 11 4.6 Ba
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Retailer 107.2 30.2 All 87.5 48.7 F
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Like in other harvests, some of the
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Aratdars (11.6%) and Farias/Beparis
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Table 3.13: Distance of harvest pla
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Hantal 1.0 16.0 1.0 1.0 19.0 All 1.
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8.Unemployed 7.Self-employed 6.Cons
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Table 3.19: Repayment mode in SRF t
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In spite of the above, dadon is pre
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Incidence of pests 8.9 24.9 48.1 7.
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• Set up hand-driven tube-well at
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3.5 Historical Moratorium on SRF Pr
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Chandpai .15* - 1.62** .16* .17* .1
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CHAPTER 4 MAPPING FOR CORE STEPS AN
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Table 4.1: Sectors and products und
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We start with timber 4.3.1 Timber -
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4.3.3 Fish The fish sector consists
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Shrimp (Galda and Bagda) Chain 1: F
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Flow chart 4.8: Value chain for Cra
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Average number of boats involved in
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ola Khulna 1019 200 58 31 10 2 12 1
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year. On the assumption that one ac
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600 569 000 no. 500 400 300 200 225
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Table 4.11: Proportions of SRF prod
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Figure 4.7: Volume of products (%)
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Chapter 5: Value Chain Analysis for
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Beparis sell, in addition to Choto
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Volume of trade The price value add
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5.2.2 Gura Fish As large network of
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140 Gura fish selling price (Tk per
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A specific group of people having g
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Sada fish gross return (monthly) by
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Net/boat owners are actually Mahaja
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Figure 5.17: Hilsha gross return (T
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Gross returns and net returns Aratd
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Figure 5.23: Shrimp galda large net
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Figure 5.25: Shrimp bagda large sel
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Table 5.7: Value addition and retur
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Figure 5.31: Shrimp galda small net
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Figure 5.36: Shrimp bagda small val
Page 180 and 181: Average selling Price/piece Price V
Page 182 and 183: Figure 5.40: Shrimp fry galda value
Page 184 and 185: Shrimp fry bagda value addition (%)
Page 186 and 187: Crab gross return (monthly) by acto
Page 188 and 189: Note: See note under Table 5.1. (10
Page 190 and 191: Honey net return (monthly) by actor
Page 192 and 193: The degree of inequality is quite h
Page 194 and 195: Cumulative income share (%) 100 80
Page 196 and 197: Figure 5.59: Lorenz curve: Gura fis
Page 198 and 199: Decile 8 14.6 Decile 9 17.9 Decile
Page 200 and 201: Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
Page 202 and 203: Actors Monthly income Duration (Mon
Page 204 and 205: Table 5.24: Annual income level of
Page 206 and 207: Annual income level (%) of SRF Acto
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Page 210 and 211: In terms of distribution by deciles
Page 212 and 213: Table 5.32: Annual income level of
Page 214 and 215: Decile 3 2.9 Decile 4 3.9 Decile 5
Page 216 and 217: CHAPTER 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PO
Page 218 and 219: actors community). Our survey findi
Page 220 and 221: The foremost policy, therefore, wil
Page 222 and 223: nets” to the collectors, along wi
Page 224 and 225: empowerment, awareness and overall
Page 226 and 227: of co-management. That co-managemen
Page 228 and 229: SRF collectors as a major problem o
Page 232 and 233: Bernacsek, G. and E. Haque (2001).
Page 234 and 235: Kleih Ulrich (2003). “Fish Distri
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