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88 woody vegetation between 50 and 150 cm tall), and herb coyer (any non-woody vegetation) as weil as the species of the dominant tree. Finally, we sampled in the same manner a random location, located 20 m away from the animal location, in a random direction. We determined the 20 rn-distance according to preliminary observations indicating that juveniles made daily movements generally
89 individual (using approximations described above) and the percentage of times the dominant tree within 15 m was an aspen, fruit-bearing, deciduous, cedar or coni ferous tree. Second, we tested whether juveniles differed in their use of coyer (at both scales) as weil as in th eir use of den, ground and tree locations. F inally, when j uveniles showed significant individual di fferences in use for a given variable, we utilized this variable of habi tat use in survival analyses. Sex, body mass, mobility and distance ta the mother We sexedjuveniles by palpating the genital area (Dodge 1982) and weighted them once a week from the date they were found to 15 August. We used body mass as a proxy fo r age of the indi viduals as we expected earli er born individuals to be heavier than later born indi viduals. We chose body mass on 10 June because ail j uveniles were born on or before that date (range of birth date : 6 May-I 0 June), and because we measured body mass fo r 10 of 14 j uveniles on that date. For the remaining four individuals, we estimated body mass on 10 June by adding or removing 30 g/day (average dail y weight gain in June calculated over ail individuals) from the body mass measured on the day closest to 10 June (27 May, 01 June, 0 1 July, 06 July for these four juveniles). We characterized the mobility ofjuveniles using the mean di stance the y moved in a day. We calcul ated thi s distance by di viding the total di stance (straight line) moved from one locati on to the next by the number of days elapsed between successive locations. Finall y, when we kn ew the identity of the mother (n = Il ), we located it twice a week, just before or after locating its juvenile, in order to calculate the di stance between mother and juvenile (m). Survival We calculated survival time as the time from birth to death (exact time) or to the end of the study period (1 5 August, censored time). We estimated date ofbirth from weight on first capture considering a mean weight gain of30 g /day. Over 14 juvenil es, we knew the exact death time fo r 10 indi viduals and death time was censored fo r the remaining fo ur indi viduals (i .e. these indi viduals were still ali ve at the end of the study peri od). W hen we fo und a dead j uvenile, we determined cause of mortality as starvation (not injured, intact carcass), predator killed (traces of blood on radio co llar or wounds on the carcass), or unknown.
Page 1 and 2:
UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4:
Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
Page 5 and 6:
Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
Page 7 and 8:
Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
Page 9 and 10:
VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
Page 11 and 12:
Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
Page 13 and 14:
XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
Page 15 and 16:
Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
Page 17 and 18:
Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
Page 19 and 20:
Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
Page 21 and 22:
3 L ' importance relative des facte
Page 23 and 24:
5 des populations ne donne qu' une
Page 25 and 26:
7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
Page 27 and 28:
9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
Page 29 and 30:
1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
Page 31 and 32:
13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
Page 33 and 34:
15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
Page 35 and 36:
Chapitre 2 Handling North American
Page 37 and 38:
19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40:
21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
Page 41 and 42:
23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
Page 43 and 44:
25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46:
27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48:
29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50:
Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
Page 51 and 52:
33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
Page 53 and 54:
35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
Page 55 and 56: 37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
Page 57 and 58: 39 winter precipitation (total prec
Page 59 and 60: 41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
Page 61 and 62: 43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
Page 63 and 64: 45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
Page 65 and 66: 47 Causes of mortality We assigned
Page 67 and 68: 49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
Page 69 and 70: 51 too simplistic to detect complex
Page 71 and 72: 53 correlated with winter survival
Page 73 and 74: 55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
Page 75 and 76: 57 Ta, first because of the effects
Page 77 and 78: 59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
Page 79 and 80: 61 pattern of den use over one or t
Page 81 and 82: 63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
Page 83 and 84: 65 feeding behaviour for the popula
Page 85 and 86: 67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89 and 90: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 91 and 92: 73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105: 87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 109 and 110: 91 den use (treated as a binary var
Page 111 and 112: 1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
Page 113 and 114: 95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
Page 115 and 116: 97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
Page 117 and 118: 99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
Page 119 and 120: 101 However, we think protection fr
Page 121 and 122: 103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124: Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
Page 125 and 126: 107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
Page 127 and 128: 109 épies, via un impact des condi
Page 129 and 130: II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
Page 131 and 132: 113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
Page 133 and 134: 11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
Page 135 and 136: 117 pékan dans la région. On mont
Page 137 and 138: 119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
Page 139 and 140: 121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
Page 141 and 142: Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
Page 143 and 144: 125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
Page 145 and 146: 127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
Page 147 and 148: 129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
Page 149 and 150: Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
Page 151 and 152: 133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
Page 153 and 154: au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
Page 155 and 156: 137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
Page 157 and 158:
139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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