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36 Hornfeldt 1994, Gese et al. 1996a, Selas & Vik 2006). Prey living above the snow surface usually suffer higher predation risk as snow deepens. We therefore expected winter predation rates on porcupines to increase in years of high snowfall/winter precipitation. 3.3. Material and methods Study population We worked from May 2000 to May 2006 in a ca. 2 km 2 area of Parc National du Bic (48°20'N, 68°46'W, elevation 0-150m), Québec, Canada. The study area is fragmented by abandoned and cultivated fields and characterized by a rugged topography, abundance of natural rock dens, and a mixed boreal forest. We captured porcupines in open fields during intensive capture sessions in May and August every year from 2000 to 2004 and in May only in 2005 and 2006 (Table 3.1). Each night ofsurvey involved one to six observers (usually two) who patrolled the study area on foot or bicycle for one to nine hours (usually five). We sexed, weighed, aged (as juvenile, subadult, or adult using body mass in May, Berteaux et al. 2005), and permanently marked porcupines upon capture with metal ear tags (Be11eaux et al. • 2005, Morin et al. 2005). We also used telemetry to monitor individuals and fitted radio collars (Lotek SMRC-5RB VHF transmitters, Lotek Wireless Inc. , Newmarket, ON, Canada, L3Y 7B5) on 97 individuals for 23576 porcupine-days (Table 3.1). Parturition period is mid-May to late June so we considered a population-year to start in May (e.g. year 2000 extends from May 2000 to April 2001). We estimated minimum population size for a given year as the number of different individuals observed between May and April of the following year. Open fields are very attractive to porcupines for feeding in summer and porcupines were easily observed when using fields. We are therefore confident that vi11ually ail porcupines present in the study area were captured or observed at least once each year. As a confirmation, we rarely found marked animais not observed one year and later relocated (only three and four animais, respectively in 2001 and 2002, which we added to the population size for the year that they had not been observed).
37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort according to season and year in a North American porcupine population in Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2006. Survey con esponds to the number of ni ghts and person-hours spent searching for porcupines randomly in the study area. Radio-tracking conesponds to the effo11 made following porcupines by telemetry (number of individuals followed, proportion of the total population, and mean number of days bearing a collar) Survey May 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 nights 20* 20* 26 20 22 18 10 person-hours 150* 150* 481 .3 195.2 319.1 224.7 88.0 August nights 15 * 14 14 5 12 0 0 person-hours 100* 151.8 152.5 69.0 140.1 0 0 Radio-tracking Summert n (proportion of males) 12 (8.3) 51 (52.9) 13 (46.2) 38 (47.4) 23(39.1) 0 0 % ofmarked individuals 10.3 60.7 19.7 86.4 100 0 0 days per individual 29 ± 6 62 ± 5 62 ± 10 91 ± 7 79 ± 10 0 0 Wintert n (propo11ion of males) 21 (61.9) 0(0) 19(57.9) 38 (47.4) 15 (33.3) 0 0 % ofmarked individuals 18.0 0 28.8 86.4 65 .2 0 0 days per individual 54 ± 6 0 147 ± 15 186 ± 10 162 ± 13 0 0 tSummer, May to August; Winter, September to April. *estimated minimum numbers (precise record of searching effût1 started in August 2001 only)
Page 1 and 2:
UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4: Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
Page 5 and 6: Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
Page 7 and 8: Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
Page 9 and 10: VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
Page 11 and 12: Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
Page 13 and 14: XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
Page 15 and 16: Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
Page 17 and 18: Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
Page 19 and 20: Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
Page 21 and 22: 3 L ' importance relative des facte
Page 23 and 24: 5 des populations ne donne qu' une
Page 25 and 26: 7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
Page 27 and 28: 9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
Page 29 and 30: 1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
Page 31 and 32: 13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
Page 33 and 34: 15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
Page 35 and 36: Chapitre 2 Handling North American
Page 37 and 38: 19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40: 21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
Page 41 and 42: 23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
Page 43 and 44: 25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46: 27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48: 29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50: Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
Page 51 and 52: 33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
Page 53: 35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
Page 57 and 58: 39 winter precipitation (total prec
Page 59 and 60: 41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
Page 61 and 62: 43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
Page 63 and 64: 45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
Page 65 and 66: 47 Causes of mortality We assigned
Page 67 and 68: 49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
Page 69 and 70: 51 too simplistic to detect complex
Page 71 and 72: 53 correlated with winter survival
Page 73 and 74: 55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
Page 75 and 76: 57 Ta, first because of the effects
Page 77 and 78: 59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
Page 79 and 80: 61 pattern of den use over one or t
Page 81 and 82: 63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
Page 83 and 84: 65 feeding behaviour for the popula
Page 85 and 86: 67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89 and 90: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 91 and 92: 73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105 and 106:
87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 107 and 108:
89 individual (using approximations
Page 109 and 110:
91 den use (treated as a binary var
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1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
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95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
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97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
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99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
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101 However, we think protection fr
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103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124:
Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
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107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
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109 épies, via un impact des condi
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II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
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113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
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11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
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117 pékan dans la région. On mont
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119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
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121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
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Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
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125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
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127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
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129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
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Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
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133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
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au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
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137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
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139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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