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94 Table 5.1 : Coefficients for the resource selection functions at the microhabitat (1 m) and local (15 m) scales for hiding sites used by 14 juvenile North American porcupines in Parc National du Bic, Québec, May to August, 2003-2004 ? Variable ~ value Robust X- P Hazard ratio SE Microhabitat scale Percentage cover 0.522 0.042 151.72
95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -1 50 40 30 ~ 20 J 10 J o +1--'--- Tœe Shrub He~ '--- ------v---- ~ Mean cover (%) Aspen Fruit Deciduous Cedar Coniferous '-- ~ ----v- Dominant tree (%) Figure 5.2: Characteristi cs of vegetative co ver within 15 m ofhiding sites used by 14 juvenile North American porcupines compared to vegetative co ver available at random locations, in Parc Nati onal du Bic, Québec, May to August, 2003-2004. From left to right: percentage of tree, shrub and herb cover present on the site, and mean percentage of times the dominant tree species was an aspen, fruit-bearing, other deciduous, cedar, or other coni fe rous tree (n = 14 individuals and 299 observations for al! vari ables). Results shown are means (± SE) for the popu lation (calcul ated from indi vidual means).
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UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4:
Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
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Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
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Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
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VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
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Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
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XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
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Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
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Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
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Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
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3 L ' importance relative des facte
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5 des populations ne donne qu' une
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7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
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9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
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1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
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13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
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15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
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Chapitre 2 Handling North American
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19 information is lacking in the pu
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21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
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23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
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25 transmitters fo r larger units s
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27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
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29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50:
Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
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33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
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35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
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37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
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39 winter precipitation (total prec
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41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
Page 61 and 62: 43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
Page 63 and 64: 45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
Page 65 and 66: 47 Causes of mortality We assigned
Page 67 and 68: 49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
Page 69 and 70: 51 too simplistic to detect complex
Page 71 and 72: 53 correlated with winter survival
Page 73 and 74: 55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
Page 75 and 76: 57 Ta, first because of the effects
Page 77 and 78: 59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
Page 79 and 80: 61 pattern of den use over one or t
Page 81 and 82: 63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
Page 83 and 84: 65 feeding behaviour for the popula
Page 85 and 86: 67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89 and 90: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 91 and 92: 73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105 and 106: 87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 107 and 108: 89 individual (using approximations
Page 109 and 110: 91 den use (treated as a binary var
Page 111: 1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
Page 115 and 116: 97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
Page 117 and 118: 99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
Page 119 and 120: 101 However, we think protection fr
Page 121 and 122: 103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124: Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
Page 125 and 126: 107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
Page 127 and 128: 109 épies, via un impact des condi
Page 129 and 130: II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
Page 131 and 132: 113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
Page 133 and 134: 11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
Page 135 and 136: 117 pékan dans la région. On mont
Page 137 and 138: 119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
Page 139 and 140: 121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
Page 141 and 142: Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
Page 143 and 144: 125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
Page 145 and 146: 127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
Page 147 and 148: 129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
Page 149 and 150: Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
Page 151 and 152: 133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
Page 153 and 154: au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
Page 155 and 156: 137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
Page 157 and 158: 139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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