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72 Microhabitats used outside of the den Effects of T ~ Within coniferous trees, Tc had no effect on the microhabitat used by porcupines (F(I,230) = 0.05, P = 0.818), on their height in tree (F(I,230) = 0.10, P = 0.749), or on their distance to the trunk (F( I,230) = 2.93, P = 0.088). However, Tc had an effect on the foraging behaviour of porcupines (F(I ,230) = 10.66, P = 0.001), with occurrence of feeding increasing at low temperatures (Fig. 4.3). Factors explaining feeding behaviour Mean occurrence of feeding in coniferous trees was 39.3 ± 5.0% (range: 0.0 to 80.0%, n=26 individuals and 257 observations). Occurrence of feeding was best explained by a model including Te, microhabitat used, and height of the porcupine in the tree. As described above, occurrence of feeding increased wh en Tc decreased (F(I ,228) = 11.37, p
73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperature (OC) Figure 4.4 : Estimated time spent feed ing (mean ± SE) in a day for male (white bars) and female (dark bars) NOlih American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, January to Apri l, 2004-2005. Time spent feeding was estimated for each individual and class of operative temperature (Tc) and then averaged for males and females for each c\ass of Tc. 4.5. Discussion Estimated energy expenditure differed across microhabitats for a given Tc and the re lationship between energy expenditure and microhabitat varied with Tc. ln other words, ranking of microhabitats from microhabitat offering the best, to microhabitat offering the worst thermal environment was not the same at co Id and warm Tc. Dens offered the best protection against cold temperatures. Porcupines altered their patterns of den use and foraging behaviour according to Te. When Tc decreased, they reduced the time spent outside of the den, increased the number of activity bouts per day, reduced the duration of activity bouts, became more diurnal, and increased feeding intensity. Activity patterns also varied with snow conditions. Olltside of the den, porcupines did not modify their microhabitat lise according to Te. Rather, they llsed microhabitats according to their activities: they exploited open microhabitats and top of trees for feeding and covered microhabitats and bottom of trees for resting. Porcupines also showed sex differences in their patterns of habitat use.
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UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
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Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
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Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
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Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
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VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
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Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
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XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
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Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
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Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
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Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
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3 L ' importance relative des facte
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5 des populations ne donne qu' une
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7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
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9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
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1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
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13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
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15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
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Chapitre 2 Handling North American
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19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40: 21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
Page 41 and 42: 23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
Page 43 and 44: 25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46: 27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48: 29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50: Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
Page 51 and 52: 33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
Page 53 and 54: 35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
Page 55 and 56: 37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
Page 57 and 58: 39 winter precipitation (total prec
Page 59 and 60: 41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
Page 61 and 62: 43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
Page 63 and 64: 45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
Page 65 and 66: 47 Causes of mortality We assigned
Page 67 and 68: 49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
Page 69 and 70: 51 too simplistic to detect complex
Page 71 and 72: 53 correlated with winter survival
Page 73 and 74: 55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
Page 75 and 76: 57 Ta, first because of the effects
Page 77 and 78: 59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
Page 79 and 80: 61 pattern of den use over one or t
Page 81 and 82: 63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
Page 83 and 84: 65 feeding behaviour for the popula
Page 85 and 86: 67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105 and 106: 87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 107 and 108: 89 individual (using approximations
Page 109 and 110: 91 den use (treated as a binary var
Page 111 and 112: 1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
Page 113 and 114: 95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
Page 115 and 116: 97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
Page 117 and 118: 99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
Page 119 and 120: 101 However, we think protection fr
Page 121 and 122: 103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124: Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
Page 125 and 126: 107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
Page 127 and 128: 109 épies, via un impact des condi
Page 129 and 130: II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
Page 131 and 132: 113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
Page 133 and 134: 11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
Page 135 and 136: 117 pékan dans la région. On mont
Page 137 and 138: 119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
Page 139 and 140: 121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
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Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
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125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
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127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
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129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
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Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
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133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
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au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
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137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
Page 157 and 158:
139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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