influence du climat et de la prÃ©dation sur l'utilisation de l'habitat et la ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

46 Table 3.5: Tests of the effects oflocal weather vari abl es on wi nter survival rates (w) in a populati on of North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2005. We used data on 159 indi viduals. Model in bold represents the selected mode!. We show the percentage ofyearl y variati on in sUl'v ival that is explai ned by each environmental covari ate (r 2 ) Biological meaning Year effect in winter only + age effect,F om Tab le 3.4 Winter survival dependent on win ter precipitation + age effect Winter surv ival de pende nt on snowfall + age effect Winter survival dependent on spring temperature + age effect No yearly variation in winter survival + age effect Notationî Deviance np* t.AICc** U a w a 810.049 7 10.389 Ua w y + a 795 .637 Il 5.041 U a W Precipitations + a 797.442 8 0.000 U a W Snowfall + a 802.543 8 5.10 1 U a W Spring + a 808 .327 8 10.885 r 2 0.87 0.52 0.12 0 î U, summer; W, winter; y, year; a, age modelled as two age cl asses (juveniles, 2: 1-yr-old); *np, number of estimated parameters; ** t.AICc, di fference in AICc with the selected model Table 3.6: Tests oflagged (one year: y-l ; two years: y-2) effects ofwinter precipitation on winter survival rates (w) in a population of North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2005. We used data on 159 individuals. Model in bold represents the selected mode!. We also performed tests of lagged effects of snowfa ll and spring temperature on surviva! but don't show resu!ts here since no model was better than the se!ected model Biological meaning Notati onî Deviance np* t.AICc* * Direct effect of precipitations + age effect,Fom Table 3.5 U W a Precipitations + a 797.442 8 0.000 Lagged effect of precipitations (y-I ) + age effect ua W Precipi ta tions (y_l) + a 809.678 8 12.236 Lagged effect of precipitations (y-2) + age effect U a W Precipitations (y-2) + a 805 .747 8 8.305 îU, summer; W, winter; y, year; a, age modelled as two age classes (j uven il es, 2: 1-yr-old); *np, number of estimated parameters; ** t.AICc, di fference in AICc with the selected model
47 Causes of mortality We assigned a probable cause of mOltality to 46 of the 50 porcupines examined. Predation (n = 28 [60.9%]) and starvation (n = 13 [28.3%]) were the main causes of mortality. Tree fal! (n = 3) and road kil! (n = 2) together represented 10.8% of the mortalities. We detem1ined predator identity for 14 of the 28 predation events observed. Fishers were responsible for 86% (n = 12) and coyotes for 14% (n = 2) of these predations. The proportion of mottalities due to predation vs. other causes (starvation, tree fall and road kill combined) was not constant through time (G = 8.640, df = 3, p = 0.034) and increased from 40% in 2000 and 2002 to 91.7% in 2004 (Fig. 3.3). Causes ofmortality did not differ between age classes (G = 1.399, df = 3, p = 0.706, Fig. 3.4). 100.0 10 5 19 12 90.0 80.0 ~ ~ 70.0 1/) Cl) :e 60.0 Iii 1:: 0 50.0 :::iE 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 2000 2002 2003 2004 Figure 3.3 : Causes of mortality determined for carcasses found during monitoring of a NOIth American porcupine population in Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2006. Percentage of carcasses dead by starvation, road ki ll, tree fal! and predation are shown respectively in white, Iight grey, dark grey and black. Sample sizes for each year are indicated at the top of each bar.
Page 1 and 2:
UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4:
Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
Page 5 and 6:
Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
Page 7 and 8:
Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
Page 9 and 10:
VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
Page 11 and 12:
Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
Page 13 and 14: XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
Page 15 and 16: Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
Page 17 and 18: Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
Page 19 and 20: Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
Page 21 and 22: 3 L ' importance relative des facte
Page 23 and 24: 5 des populations ne donne qu' une
Page 25 and 26: 7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
Page 27 and 28: 9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
Page 29 and 30: 1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
Page 31 and 32: 13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
Page 33 and 34: 15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
Page 35 and 36: Chapitre 2 Handling North American
Page 37 and 38: 19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40: 21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
Page 41 and 42: 23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
Page 43 and 44: 25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46: 27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48: 29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50: Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
Page 51 and 52: 33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
Page 53 and 54: 35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
Page 55 and 56: 37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
Page 57 and 58: 39 winter precipitation (total prec
Page 59 and 60: 41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
Page 61 and 62: 43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
Page 63: 45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
Page 67 and 68: 49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
Page 69 and 70: 51 too simplistic to detect complex
Page 71 and 72: 53 correlated with winter survival
Page 73 and 74: 55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
Page 75 and 76: 57 Ta, first because of the effects
Page 77 and 78: 59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
Page 79 and 80: 61 pattern of den use over one or t
Page 81 and 82: 63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
Page 83 and 84: 65 feeding behaviour for the popula
Page 85 and 86: 67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89 and 90: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 91 and 92: 73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105 and 106: 87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 107 and 108: 89 individual (using approximations
Page 109 and 110: 91 den use (treated as a binary var
Page 111 and 112: 1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
Page 113 and 114: 95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
Page 115 and 116:
97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
Page 117 and 118:
99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
Page 119 and 120:
101 However, we think protection fr
Page 121 and 122:
103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124:
Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
Page 125 and 126:
107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
Page 127 and 128:
109 épies, via un impact des condi
Page 129 and 130:
II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
Page 131 and 132:
113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
Page 133 and 134:
11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
Page 135 and 136:
117 pékan dans la région. On mont
Page 137 and 138:
119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
Page 139 and 140:
121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
Page 141 and 142:
Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
Page 143 and 144:
125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
Page 145 and 146:
127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
Page 147 and 148:
129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
Page 149 and 150:
Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
Page 151 and 152:
133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
Page 153 and 154:
au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
Page 155 and 156:
137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
Page 157 and 158:
139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
show all

influence du climat et de la prÃ©dation sur l'utilisation de l'habitat et la ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?