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VI Table 3.4 Tests of the effects ofsex, age (a, considering two age classes: juveniles and ::': l-yr-old), season (s) and year (y) on seasonal survival rates (~) in a population of North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2005. We used data on 159 individuals and modeled sighting probabilities following mode! selected in Table 3.3. Model in bold represents the selected mode! 44 Table 3.5 Tests of the effects of local weather variables on winter survival rates (~w) in a population of North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2005. We used data on 159 individuals. Model in bold represents the selected mode!. We show the percentage ofyearly variation in survival that is explained by each environmental covariate (r 2 ) 46 Table 3.6 Tests of lagged (1 year: y-l ; 2 years: y-2) effects of winter precipitation on winter survival rates (~w) in a population of North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2005. We used data on 159 individuals. Model in bold represents the selected mode!. We also performed tests of lagged Effects of snowfall and spring temperature on survival but don't show results here since no model was better th an the selected mode! 46 Chapitre 4 Table 4.1 Linear mixed effect models for the power consumed by porcupine mounts exposed to available conditions of operative temperature (Tc), Parc National du Bic, Québec, December to March 2004-2005. We first tested for an effect of Tc, microhabitat, and Tex microhabitat. We removed non-significant (NS) interactions between Tcx microhabitat from final models. When testing the effect of microhabitat, we first considered al! microhabitats sampled (i .e. "den", "ground open", "ground covered", "deciduous", "conifer open", "conifer covered" : modell). Then we grouped certain micro habitats and compared effects of groups of microhabitats ("den" vs non-den microhabitats: model 2; arboreal vs terrestrial: model 3; open vs covered: mode! 4). The type and number (n) of measures considered for analysis are specified 66
VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Watts, me an ± SE) by porcupine mounts exposed to available conditions of operative temperature and placed in "den" and non-den microhabitats, Parc National du Bic, Québec, December to March, 2004-2005. Means were calculated by first averaging the measurements obtained for a given microhabitat and day, and then between days for each group of microhabitats. Samples sizes are specified as (number of days, number of measurements). Power consumed in non-den microhabitats is also given as a percentage of power consumed in "den" 67 Table 4.3 Number of activity bouts in a day (mean ± SE), duration of activity bouts (in hour, mean ± SE), and relative distribution of activity between day and night (nocturnality index: between 0: totally diurnal and 2: totally nocturnal, mean ± SE) as a function of operative temperature for North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, January to April, 2004-2005. Samples sizes are specified as (number of individuals, number of observations) 71 Tableau 4.4 Temps moyen passé dehors en 24 h (h), durée moyenne des sorties (min), nombre moyen de sorties en 24 h et indice de nocturnalité moyen (0 : activité totalement diurne, 2 : activité totalement nocturne) pour les porcs-épics d'Amérique suivis en février 2004 et février 2005 au Parc National du Bic, Québec, Canada. Les seuils de signification pour les différences entre individus dans l' utilisation de l'habitat sont indiqués par * (p
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4: Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
Page 5 and 6: Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
Page 7: Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
Page 11 and 12: Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
Page 13 and 14: XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
Page 15 and 16: Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
Page 17 and 18: Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
Page 19 and 20: Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
Page 21 and 22: 3 L ' importance relative des facte
Page 23 and 24: 5 des populations ne donne qu' une
Page 25 and 26: 7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
Page 27 and 28: 9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
Page 29 and 30: 1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
Page 31 and 32: 13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
Page 33 and 34: 15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
Page 35 and 36: Chapitre 2 Handling North American
Page 37 and 38: 19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40: 21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
Page 41 and 42: 23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
Page 43 and 44: 25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46: 27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48: 29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50: Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
Page 51 and 52: 33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
Page 53 and 54: 35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
Page 55 and 56: 37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
Page 57 and 58: 39 winter precipitation (total prec
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41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
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43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
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45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
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47 Causes of mortality We assigned
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49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
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51 too simplistic to detect complex
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53 correlated with winter survival
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55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
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57 Ta, first because of the effects
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59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
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61 pattern of den use over one or t
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63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
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65 feeding behaviour for the popula
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67 of Tc we considered. However, we
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69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
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71 Number and duration of activity
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73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
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75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
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77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
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79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
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81 associées avec le temps de surv
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83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
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85 use of coyer influenced summer s
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87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
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89 individual (using approximations
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91 den use (treated as a binary var
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1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
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95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
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97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
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99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
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101 However, we think protection fr
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103 we found that most mortalities
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Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
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107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
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109 épies, via un impact des condi
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II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
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113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
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11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
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117 pékan dans la région. On mont
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119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
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121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
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Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
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125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
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127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
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129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
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Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
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133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
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au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
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137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
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139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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