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48 100 90 80 (/) Q) ~ 70 iij t:: 0 E 60 "0 Q) ~ Q) (/) .0 0 '+- 0 ~ 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 ,- --- ,--~- ,- Starvation Road Kill Tree Fall Predation - , Figure 3.4 : Causes of mortality for dead juveniles (in white, n = 9) and individuals 2 1-yrold (in black, n = 37) in NOith American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2006. Among depredated animais (six j uveniles, 22 individuals 2 1-yr-old), timing of death differed between age classes (G = 26.324, df= 2, p
49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ... "0 CIl Cl. "0 CIl ~ CIl 1/) .!J 0 .... 0 Q ~ 70 ~ 60 J 50 1 40 ~ 30 1 1 20 " 10 " 0 1 Summer Winter- No snow Winter- Snow 1/) c: .2 iii ~ co 100 b) 90 1 80 -; 70 ~ 60 l -1/) "0 50 -j CIl ~ CIl 1/) .!J 0 40 - .... 30 - 0 Q ~ 20 -1 10 l O T~---- Summer Winter- No snow Winter- Snow Figure 3.5 : Season of mortality for the: a) depredated juvenil es (in whi te, n = 6) and individuals ::=: l-yr-old (in black, n = 22), and b) starvedjuveniles (in white, n = 2) and individuals ::=: l-yr-o ld (in black, n = II ), in North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2006. Seasons were defined as: summer (from May to August), winter but no snow (from September to approximately mid-November), and winter with snow covering the ground (approximately from mid-November to end of April).
Page 1 and 2:
UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4:
Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
Page 5 and 6:
Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
Page 7 and 8:
Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
Page 9 and 10:
VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
Page 11 and 12:
Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
Page 13 and 14:
XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
Page 15 and 16: Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
Page 17 and 18: Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
Page 19 and 20: Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
Page 21 and 22: 3 L ' importance relative des facte
Page 23 and 24: 5 des populations ne donne qu' une
Page 25 and 26: 7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
Page 27 and 28: 9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
Page 29 and 30: 1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
Page 31 and 32: 13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
Page 33 and 34: 15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
Page 35 and 36: Chapitre 2 Handling North American
Page 37 and 38: 19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40: 21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
Page 41 and 42: 23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
Page 43 and 44: 25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46: 27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48: 29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50: Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
Page 51 and 52: 33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
Page 53 and 54: 35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
Page 55 and 56: 37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
Page 57 and 58: 39 winter precipitation (total prec
Page 59 and 60: 41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
Page 61 and 62: 43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
Page 63 and 64: 45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
Page 65: 47 Causes of mortality We assigned
Page 69 and 70: 51 too simplistic to detect complex
Page 71 and 72: 53 correlated with winter survival
Page 73 and 74: 55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
Page 75 and 76: 57 Ta, first because of the effects
Page 77 and 78: 59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
Page 79 and 80: 61 pattern of den use over one or t
Page 81 and 82: 63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
Page 83 and 84: 65 feeding behaviour for the popula
Page 85 and 86: 67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89 and 90: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 91 and 92: 73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105 and 106: 87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 107 and 108: 89 individual (using approximations
Page 109 and 110: 91 den use (treated as a binary var
Page 111 and 112: 1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
Page 113 and 114: 95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
Page 115 and 116: 97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
Page 117 and 118:
99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
Page 119 and 120:
101 However, we think protection fr
Page 121 and 122:
103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124:
Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
Page 125 and 126:
107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
Page 127 and 128:
109 épies, via un impact des condi
Page 129 and 130:
II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
Page 131 and 132:
113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
Page 133 and 134:
11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
Page 135 and 136:
117 pékan dans la région. On mont
Page 137 and 138:
119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
Page 139 and 140:
121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
Page 141 and 142:
Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
Page 143 and 144:
125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
Page 145 and 146:
127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
Page 147 and 148:
129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
Page 149 and 150:
Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
Page 151 and 152:
133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
Page 153 and 154:
au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
Page 155 and 156:
137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
Page 157 and 158:
139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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