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120 Annexe 3 Puissance consommée par les modèles taxidermiques en fonction de la température opérante - chapitre 4 General relati onship between power consumed (W) by North Ameri can porcupine mounts and operati ve temperature (oC) measured in the stand (0.3 m above ground) when mounts were placed in "den" (filled circles) and non-den (open circles) microhabitats in Parc Nati onal du Bic, Québec, December to March, 2004-2005. We observed a negati ve relati onship fo r non-den microhabitats (y=-0.704*x+ 36.64, F (l , 789) = 620.24, p
121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. Andersen. 1996. The effects of sex, time of birth, and habitat on the vulnerability ofroe deer fawns to red fox predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1857-1865. Aars, 1., & R. A . Ims. 2002. Intrinsic and c\imatic determinants of population demography: The winter dynamics oftundra voles. Ecology 83 :3449-3456. Albon, S. D., & T. Clutton-Brock. 1988. Climate and the population dynamics of red deer in Scotland. Pages 93-107 in M. B. Usher & D. B. A. Thompson, editors. Ecological change in the Uplands. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK. Albon, S. D., T. H. Clutton-Brock, & F. E. Guinness. 1987. Early development and population dynamics in red deer. II. Density-independent effects and cohort variation. Journal of Animal Ec%gy 56:69-81. Andersen, R. , & 1. D. C. Linnell. 1998. Ecological correlates ofmortality ofroe deer fawns in a predator-free environment. Canadian Journal ofZoology 76: 1217- 1225. Andren, H. , & P. Angelstam. 1988. Elevated predation rates as an edge effect in habitat islands - Experimental evidence. Ecology 69:544-547. Arakaki, S., & M . Tokeshi. 2005. Microhabitat selection in intertidal gobiid fishes: species- and size-associated variation. Marine Biology Research 1 :39-47 . Baker, 1. D. , & P. M. Thompson. 2007. Temporal and spatial variation in age-specific survival rates of a long-Iived mammal, the Hawaiian monk seal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 274:407-415 . Bakken, G. S. 1991. Wind-speed dependence of the overall thermal conductance of fur and feather insulation. Journal of Thermal Biology 16:121-126. Bakken, G. S., D. 1. Erskine, & W. R. Santee. 1983. Construction and operation of heated taxidermic mounts used to measure standard operative temperature. Ecology 64 :1658-1662 . Bakken, G. S. , & D. M. Gates. 1975. Heat-transfer analysis of animaIs: sorne implications for field ecology, physiology, and evolution. Pages 255-290 in D. M. Gates & R. B. Schmerl, editors. Perspectives of biophysical ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA. Bakker, E. S., R. C. Reiffers, H. Olff, & 1. M. Gleichman. 2005. Experimental manipulation of predation risk and food quality: effect on grazing behaviour in a central-place foraging herbivore. Oecologia 146: 157-167. Barbraud, c., & H. Weimerskirch. 2003 . Climate and density shape population dynamics of a marine top predator. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences 270:2111-2116 .
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UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4:
Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
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Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
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Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
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VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
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Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
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XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
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Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
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Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
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Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
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3 L ' importance relative des facte
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5 des populations ne donne qu' une
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7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
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9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
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1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
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13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
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15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
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Chapitre 2 Handling North American
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19 information is lacking in the pu
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21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
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23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
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25 transmitters fo r larger units s
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27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
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29 record sex, reproducti ve status
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Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
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33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
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35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
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37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
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39 winter precipitation (total prec
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41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
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43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
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45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
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47 Causes of mortality We assigned
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49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
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51 too simplistic to detect complex
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53 correlated with winter survival
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55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
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57 Ta, first because of the effects
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59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
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61 pattern of den use over one or t
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63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
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65 feeding behaviour for the popula
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67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89 and 90: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 91 and 92: 73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105 and 106: 87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 107 and 108: 89 individual (using approximations
Page 109 and 110: 91 den use (treated as a binary var
Page 111 and 112: 1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
Page 113 and 114: 95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
Page 115 and 116: 97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
Page 117 and 118: 99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
Page 119 and 120: 101 However, we think protection fr
Page 121 and 122: 103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124: Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
Page 125 and 126: 107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
Page 127 and 128: 109 épies, via un impact des condi
Page 129 and 130: II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
Page 131 and 132: 113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
Page 133 and 134: 11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
Page 135 and 136: 117 pékan dans la région. On mont
Page 137: 119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
Page 141 and 142: Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
Page 143 and 144: 125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
Page 145 and 146: 127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
Page 147 and 148: 129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
Page 149 and 150: Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
Page 151 and 152: 133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
Page 153 and 154: au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
Page 155 and 156: 137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
Page 157 and 158: 139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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