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98 temperature (Speannan rank con'elation, r = -0.258, p
99 juveniles. At the microhabitat scale, the type ofhiding site (den, ground, or tree) and the amount of protective coyer significantly influenced sUl·vival (Table 5.5). For a given location, use of si tes with high protective coyer enhanced survival (a 10% increase in the mean protective coyer used was associated with a 66% decrease in death probability, Table 5.5). Also, when taking into account the protective coyer used, use of trees enhanced survival compared to use of ground locations (8% decrease in death probability, Table 5.5). At the local scale, use of sites with higher shmb coyer significantly increased survival (Table 5.5) when percentages oftree and herb coyer were taken into account. According to the hazard ratio, a 10% increase in mean shrub coyer used was associated with a 74% decrease in death probability. Also, when taking tree and shrub coyer into account, use of sites with higher herb coyer decreased survival (78% increase in death probability, Table 5.5) although this effect was not statistically significant. Finally we found no effect ofsex (X 2 1 = 0.30, P = 0.586), mass on 10 June (li = 0.01, P = 0.915), mobility (X21 = 1.94, P = 0.163), or distance to the mother (li = 0.32, P = 0.570) on survival. Table 5.5 : Coefficients for the survival analyses for 14 juvenile North American porcupines studied in Parc National du Bic, Québec, May to August, 2003-2004 Variable ê value SE j "t,.- P Hazard ratio M icrohabitat scale Protecti ve coyer - 1.072 0.478 5.03 0.025 0.34 ( 10%) Location Ground 0 ND ND ND reference category Den -0.026 0.030 0.75 0.388 0.97 Tree -0.089 0.037 5.89 0.015 0.92 Local scale Tree coyer -0.2 13 0.272 0.61 0.433 0.81 (10%) Shrub coyer -1.338 0.534 6.29 0.012 0.26 (10% ) Herb coyer 0.579 0.312 3.44 0.064 1.78 (10%) 5.5. Discussion Juvenile porcupines showed selection for high protective coyer at the microhabitat (1m) scale only. At the local (15 m) scale, juveniles selected sites characterized by a low herb coyer and with cedar as dominant tree species. The use of coyer decreased as juveniles grew
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UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4:
Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
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Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
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Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table
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VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
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Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
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XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
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Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
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Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
Page 19 and 20:
Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
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3 L ' importance relative des facte
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5 des populations ne donne qu' une
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7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
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9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
Page 29 and 30:
1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
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13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
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15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
Page 35 and 36:
Chapitre 2 Handling North American
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19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40:
21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
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23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
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25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46:
27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48:
29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50:
Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
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33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
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35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
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37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
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39 winter precipitation (total prec
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41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
Page 61 and 62:
43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
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45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
Page 65 and 66: 47 Causes of mortality We assigned
Page 67 and 68: 49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
Page 69 and 70: 51 too simplistic to detect complex
Page 71 and 72: 53 correlated with winter survival
Page 73 and 74: 55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
Page 75 and 76: 57 Ta, first because of the effects
Page 77 and 78: 59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
Page 79 and 80: 61 pattern of den use over one or t
Page 81 and 82: 63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
Page 83 and 84: 65 feeding behaviour for the popula
Page 85 and 86: 67 of Tc we considered. However, we
Page 87 and 88: 69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
Page 89 and 90: 71 Number and duration of activity
Page 91 and 92: 73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
Page 93 and 94: 75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
Page 95 and 96: 77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
Page 97 and 98: 79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
Page 99 and 100: 81 associées avec le temps de surv
Page 101 and 102: 83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
Page 103 and 104: 85 use of coyer influenced summer s
Page 105 and 106: 87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
Page 107 and 108: 89 individual (using approximations
Page 109 and 110: 91 den use (treated as a binary var
Page 111 and 112: 1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
Page 113 and 114: 95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
Page 115: 97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
Page 119 and 120: 101 However, we think protection fr
Page 121 and 122: 103 we found that most mortalities
Page 123 and 124: Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
Page 125 and 126: 107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
Page 127 and 128: 109 épies, via un impact des condi
Page 129 and 130: II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
Page 131 and 132: 113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
Page 133 and 134: 11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
Page 135 and 136: 117 pékan dans la région. On mont
Page 137 and 138: 119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
Page 139 and 140: 121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
Page 141 and 142: Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
Page 143 and 144: 125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
Page 145 and 146: 127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
Page 147 and 148: 129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
Page 149 and 150: Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
Page 151 and 152: 133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
Page 153 and 154: au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
Page 155 and 156: 137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
Page 157 and 158: 139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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