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IV CHAPITRE 3 PREDA TION AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM RELA TING WINTER WEATHER TO POPULATION DYNAMICS IN A NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE POPULATION 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Materials and methods 3.4 Results 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusion 31 32 33 36 41 50 53 CHAPITRE 4 NAVIGATING THE THERMAL MAP: PORCUPINES EAT IN THE COLD BUT REST IN THE W ARM 54 4.1 Abstract 55 4.2 Introduction 56 4.3 Materials and methods 4.4 Results 4.5 Discussion 4.6 Complément d'information 58 65 73 77 CHAPITRE 5 ARE JUVENILE PORCUPINES MAXIMIZING SURVIVAL BY SELECTING THEIR MICRO HABIT A T? 82 5.1 Abstract 83 5.2 Introduction 83 5.3 Materials and methods 86 5.4 Results 92 5.5 Discussion 99 CHAPITRE 6 CONCLUSION ANNEXES RÉFÉRENCES 105 118 121
Liste des tableaux Chapitre 3 Table 3.1 Monitoring effort according to season and year in a North American porcupine population in Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2006. Survey corresponds to the number of nights and person-hours spent searching for porcupines randomly in the study area. Radio-tracking corresponds to the effort made following porcupines by telemetry (number of individuals followed, proportion of the total population, and me an number of days bearing a collar) 37 Table 3.2 Structure and size of a North American porcupine population followed in Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2006. Population growth rate was calculated as population size in year t+ 1 divided by population size in year t 42 Table 3.3 Model selection for sighting probabilities (P) in a population of North American porcupines, Parc National du Bic, Québec, May 2000-May 2005. We used data on 159 individuals. We considered survival rate to be time-dependent (~ t ) in all models and tested for an effect of sex, age (a, considering two age classes: juveniles and 2 1-yr-old), season (s), and year (y) on sighting probabilities. We tested for an effect of use of telemetry on summer sighting probability and coded 0: years when 50% of marked individuals were followed by telemetry (i .e. high telemetry effort in 2001, 2003, and 2004). Model in bold represents the selected model 43
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI
Page 3 and 4: Remerciements Cette thèse n'aurait
Page 5: Table des matières LISTE DES TABLE
Page 9 and 10: VB Table 4.2 Power consumed (in Wat
Page 11 and 12: Liste des figures Chapitre 1 Figure
Page 13 and 14: XI Figure 2.3 Number oftimes ajuven
Page 15 and 16: Xlll Figure 4.3 Time spent outside
Page 17 and 18: Liste des annexes Annexe 1 Descript
Page 19 and 20: Chapitre 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact
Page 21 and 22: 3 L ' importance relative des facte
Page 23 and 24: 5 des populations ne donne qu' une
Page 25 and 26: 7 (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) les
Page 27 and 28: 9 1940 1000 1960 139---------- c ~
Page 29 and 30: 1 1 (Roze 1987). Ils perdent 10 à
Page 31 and 32: 13 140 a) 1 20 - o -l- 2000 2001 20
Page 33 and 34: 15 manipulations et la pose d'émet
Page 35 and 36: Chapitre 2 Handling North American
Page 37 and 38: 19 information is lacking in the pu
Page 39 and 40: 21 We searched for juvenile porcupi
Page 41 and 42: 23 Switzerland). To check sex and r
Page 43 and 44: 25 transmitters fo r larger units s
Page 45 and 46: 27 8 a) 7 "0 c: :l 0 6 -If) ~ c: 5
Page 47 and 48: 29 record sex, reproducti ve status
Page 49 and 50: Chapitre 3 Predation as a possible
Page 51 and 52: 33 3.2. Introduction A growing numb
Page 53 and 54: 35 predation risk. To do so, we tes
Page 55 and 56: 37 Table 3.1 : Monitoring effort ac
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39 winter precipitation (total prec
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41 emaciated), road kills, dead fro
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43 Seasonal survival rates The sele
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45 >. 1.0 0.9 ..... 0.8 .c ta .c 0.
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47 Causes of mortality We assigned
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49 100 - 90 a) 80 1/) c: .2 iii ...
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51 too simplistic to detect complex
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53 correlated with winter survival
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55 4.1. A bstract Because the clima
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57 Ta, first because of the effects
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59 Third, we evaluated the behaviou
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61 pattern of den use over one or t
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63 two modali ties, Table 4.1, mode
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65 feeding behaviour for the popula
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67 of Tc we considered. However, we
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69 Calculating TefrOIn Ta, wind spe
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71 Number and duration of activity
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73 8 o _ --L-_ 0 Operative temperat
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75 Beschta 2004). Predation rates w
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77 in our population (chap. 3). Mal
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79 Tableau 4.5 : Pourcentage d'obse
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81 associées avec le temps de surv
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83 5.1. Abstract ln many mammals, j
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85 use of coyer influenced summer s
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87 juvenile was moving to escape fr
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89 individual (using approximations
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91 den use (treated as a binary var
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1 93 20 - 18 ~ a) DAvailable .Used
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95 80 -, 70 l DAvailable .Used 60 -
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97 Table 5.3: Use of coyer by juven
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99 juveniles. At the microhabitat s
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101 However, we think protection fr
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103 we found that most mortalities
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Chapitre 6 Conclusion Dans le cadre
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107 porcs-épics fréquentent les c
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109 épies, via un impact des condi
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II I Hiver E n hi ver, on montre qu
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113 compromis auquel les animaux fo
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11 5 En été, la mortalité des je
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117 pékan dans la région. On mont
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119 Annexe 2 Étalonnage des modèl
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121 Références Aanes, R. , & R. A
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Bult, A., & C. B. Lynch. 1997. Nest
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125 Creel, S. , 1. Winnie, B . Maxw
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127 Fortin, D., & G. Gauthier. 2000
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129 Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of p
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Lent, P. C. 1974. Mother-infant rel
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133 Murray, D. L. , & S. Boutin. 19
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au Québec depuis 1984. Ministère
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137 Proceedings of the Royal Societ
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139 Tsiropoula, G. 2003. Signatures
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