Synthesis of Safety for Traffic Operations - Transports Canada

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER REJET DE RESPONSABILITÉ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SOMMAIRE TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES i i ii iii vi ix xii xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Synthesis Objectives and Scope of Work 1 Use of This Synthesis 3 Synthesis Organization 3 Methods and Metrics 3 Methods 3 Metrics 5 Study Methodologies 7 Caveats and Cautions 8 CHAPTER 2: CRASH SURROGATES 11 Stop Sign Compliance 12 Traffic Conflicts 12 Speed 13 CHAPTER 3: INTERSECTION CONTROL 15 Signalization 15 All-way Stop 31 System Intersection Control 33 Intersection Control Beacons 35 Traffic Signal Design and Operation 36 Signal Conspicuity 37 Signal Head Location 41 Additional Primary Signal Heads 42 Lens Size 43 Advance Warning Flashers 45 Signal Clearance Timing 48 Signal Coordination 48 Traffic Signal Timing 49 Night-time Flash 59 CHAPTER 4: TRAFFIC SIGNS 61 Signing General 61 - ix -
Table of Contents Horizontal Curve Signing and Marking 63 Close-following Warning Signs 67 Restricted Visibility Signing 68 CHAPTER 5: PAVEMENT MARKINGS 71 General 71 Edgelines 72 Transverse Markings 76 CHAPTER 6: PEDESTRIAN SAFETY 79 Marked Crosswalks 79 Pedestrian Refuge Islands and Split PXOs 81 Flashing Beacons with Supplementary Signs 83 “Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians” Signs 84 School Zone Traffic Control 86 General 87 CHAPTER 7: BICYCLE SAFETY 89 CHAPTER 8: LEGISLATION AND ENFORCEMENT 91 Speed Limits 91 Speed Display Boards 100 Curbside Parking 101 One-way Streets 104 Enforcement 105 CHAPTER 9: TURN LANES 109 Left-turn Lanes 109 2WLTL 115 Right-turn lanes 120 CHAPTER 10: TRAFFIC CALMING 123 Speed Humps 131 Transverse Rumble Strips 132 CHAPTER 11: OTHER SAFETY ISSUES 137 Variability of CMFs 137 Safety Migration 137 Novelty Effect 138 Proliferation 139 CHAPTER 12: SUMMARY 141 REFERENCES 173 APPENDIX A – EVIDENCE-BASED ROAD SAFETY 185 What is EBRS? 185 Why do we need EBRS? 186 How do you practice EBRS? 187 Cause and Effect 189 - x -
Page 1 and 2: Transport Canada Transports Canada
Page 4: Synthesis Of Safety For Traffic Ope
Page 8 and 9: DISCLAIMER The material presented h
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Traffic operation
Page 12 and 13: Synthesis of Safety for Traffic Ope
Page 20 and 21: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3.1: Crash Rat
Page 24: Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Introductio I
Page 27 and 28: Introduction Before proceeding, a f
Page 29 and 30: Introduction Literature regarding t
Page 31 and 32: Introduction The current science of
Page 33 and 34: Introduction adequate size control
Page 35 and 36: Introduction In concluding this sec
Page 42: Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Intersectio I
Page 45 and 46: Intersection Control TABLE 3.3: Cra
Page 47 and 48: Intersection Control TABLE 3.5: CMF
Page 49 and 50: Intersection Control Vancouver Regi
Page 51 and 52: Intersection Control V m = the sum
Page 53 and 54: Intersection Control where: X1 = 0
Page 55 and 56: Intersection Control Region of Durh
Page 57 and 58: Intersection Control TABLE 3.17: CM
Page 59 and 60: Intersection Control The predictor
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Page 63 and 64: Intersection Control program includ
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Intersection Control TABLE 3.29: St
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Intersection Control TABLE 3.32: Ni
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Intersection Control TABLE 3.35: CM
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Intersection Control It is noted th
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Intersection Control Sayed et al (1
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Intersection Control Signal Clearan
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Intersection Control The CMFs are 0
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Intersection Control also examined
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Intersection Control Shebeeb (1995)
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Intersection Control approaches at
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Intersection Control TABLE 3.54: CM
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Intersection Control TABLE 3.56: Sa
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Synthesis of Safety for Traffic Ope
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Chapter 5: Chapter 5: Pavement Pave
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Pavement Markings The study methodo
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Pavement Markings Hall (1987) Hall
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Pavement Markings TABLE 5.8: Safety
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Pavement Markings THIS PAGE IS INTE
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Chapter 7: Chapter 7: Bicycle Bicyc
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Bicycle Safety TABLE 7.1: Safety Im
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Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Turn Lanes Tu
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Turn Lanes TABLE 9.2: Safety Impact
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Turn Lanes Vogt determined that a l
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Turn Lanes 1998 one of their high c
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Turn Lanes Section TABLE 9.10: Safe
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Turn Lanes A T = ADT 0.91 L 0.852 e
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Turn Lanes CMF = 1 - 0.7 P lt/d 0.0
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Turn Lanes occurred within 250 feet
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TABLE 10.3: Speed Changes Resulting
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Sites Where Applied 1 URBAN Island
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Forbes and Gill (2000) undertook a
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Ideally, three years of before and
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Kermit and Hein (1962) looked into
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The effects of the transverse pavem
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Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Other Other
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Other Safety Issues collisions per
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Other Safety Issues THIS PAGE IS IN
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References References
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References Bloch SA (1998) “Compa
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References Hamilton Associates (199
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References Lee JT, Maleck TL, and T
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References Polanis SF (1998) “Do
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References Vancouver, City of (1999
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References THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONAL
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Appendix B: Critical R Appendix B:
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Critical Reviews Worksheet for Eval
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Critical Reviews 2. Are the expecte
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Appendix D: Appendix D: How to Use
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How to Use Safety Performance Funct
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How to Use Safety Performance Funct
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