The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Competences for green development and leapfrogging 249 The economic rationale for pushing for sustainability innovations in order to realize export potential is linked to the concepts of first mover advantages and lead markets. A first-mover advantage requires that competition is driven not so much by cost differentials and the resulting attractiveness of international production location alone, but also by quality aspects. Empirical results indicate that under these conditions, unit labor costs play a lower role in determining exports (Amable and Verspagen 1995; Wakelin 1998). Above all for technology-intensive goods, which include many environmental innovations, high market shares depend on the innovation ability of a national economy and its early market presence. Thus, the argument can be made that if countries push for increasing material efficiency, they tend to specialize early in the supply of the necessary technologies. If there is a subsequent expansion of the international demand for these technologies, these countries are then in a position to dominate international competition due to their early specialization in this field. The following factors have to be taken into account when assessing the potential of countries to become a lead market in a specific technology (Walz 2006): & Lead market capability: it is not possible to reach a lead-market position for every good or technology. One prerequisite is that competition is driven not by cost differentials alone, but also by quality aspects. This prerequisite is fulfilled especially for knowledge-intensive goods. Other important factors are intensive user-producer relationships and a high level of implicit knowledge (Archibugi and Michie 1998, Archibugi and Pietrobelli 2003; Dosi et al. 1990, Fagerberg 1995). & The importance of the demand side is an important part of the analysis of von Hippel (1986), Porter and van der Linde (1995) or Dosi et al. (1990). Beise (2004) classifies the demand factors in 5 categories, distinguishing demand and price advantage, market structure, and transfer and export advantage. & A lead market situation must also be supported by regulation which at the same time is innovation-friendly and sets the example for other countries to follow the same regulatory path (Blind et al. 2004; Beise and Rennings 2005; Walz 2006, 2007). This relates to different aspects: First, for environmentally friendly technologies, the demand depends very much on the extent by which regulation leads to a correction of the market failures which consists in the externality of the environmental problems (Rennings 2000). Without such regulation, the demand will be much lower, and the various demand effects are less likely to be strong. Second, the national regulation should not lead to an idiosyncratic innovation, in other words an innovation that can be only applied under the very specific national regulatory regime. In contrast, the regulation should be open to diverse technical solutions, which increase the chance that they fit into the preferences of importing countries. Third, the national regulation should set the standard for the regulatory regime, which other countries are likely to adopt. Examples for this are product standards or testing procedures, which have to be fulfilled before a technology becomes classified as environmentally benign. If the procedure from the lead country is adopted in other countries, the national suppliers from the lead country have additional advantages on the world market, because they have adapted their technologies early on to pass the requirements of such a regulatory regime, and have developed administrative capabilities how to deal with all the
250 R. Walz procedures. However, even though there has been some clarification of the mechanisms which make regulation an important parameter for a lead market, there is a lot of additional research necessary to develop a clear methodology on how to operationalize the empirical evaluation of an existing regulatory regime with regard to its innovation friendliness. & It has become increasingly accepted that international trade performance depends on technological capabilities (for an overview see Dosi et al. 1990; Fagerberg 1994). Despite all the problems and caveats associated with measuring technological capabilities, indicators on R&D expenditures and patent indicators such as share of patents or the relative patent advantage are among the most widely used indicators. The empirical importance of these indicators for trade patterns is also supported by recent empirical research (e.g. Sanyal 2004, Andersson and Ejermo 2008 and Madsen 2008). & It is widely held that innovation and economic success also depend on how a specific technology is embedded into other relevant industry cluster. Learning effects, expectations of the users of the technology and knowledge spillovers are more easily realized if the flow of this (tacit) knowledge is facilitated by proximity and a common knowledge of language and institutions (Archibugi and Pietrobelli 2003; Dosi et al. 1990; Fagerberg 1994). Altogether, it is more and more acknowledged that the absorption of developed technologies and the development of abilities to further advance these technologies and their international marketing are closely interwoven (Nelson 2007). For both strategies—transfer of knowledge from traditional industrialized countries and establishing export oriented market success—it is necessary to develop substantial capabilities for sustainability innovations within the NICs. 2.2 Research concept This paper addresses the competences for sustainability innovations in green technology markets. It concentrates on an indicator framework to develop a top down macro overview on the technological capabilities in sustainability technologies in Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs). The following technological fields were included under the heading of sustainability innovations: (1) material efficiency, including renewable resources, ecodesign of products and recycling, (2) environmental friendly energy supply technologies, including renewable energy, energy storage, cogeneration and CO2 neutral fossil fuels, but excluding nuclear energy, (3) energy efficiency, both in buildings and in industry, (4) transport technologies, (5) water technologies, and (6) waste management technologies. In addition to an analysis for the aggregate of sustainability innovations, a more disaggregated analysis for material efficiency is performed. Measuring technological capabilities can draw on the experience with innovation indicators made over the last two decades (see Grupp 1998; Smith 2004; Freeman and Soete 2009). In the remaining of the paper, empirical results for the following aspects are presented: 1. Sustainability innovations require good framework conditions for innovations in general. These general innovation framework conditions in NICs are analyzed
Page 1 and 2:
Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:147-1
Page 3 and 4:
The international economics of reso
Page 5 and 6:
The international economics of reso
Page 7 and 8:
154 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Keywords
Page 9 and 10:
156 P.J.J. Welfens et al. developme
Page 11 and 12:
158 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In the su
Page 13 and 14:
160 P.J.J. Welfens et al. genuine s
Page 15 and 16:
162 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pt p0 1 p
Page 17 and 18:
164 P.J.J. Welfens et al. A synthet
Page 19 and 20:
166 P.J.J. Welfens et al. ecologica
Page 21 and 22:
168 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1 0,8 0,6
Page 23 and 24:
170 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In additi
Page 25 and 26:
172 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 5 Pa
Page 27 and 28:
174 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1.0 0.5 0
Page 29 and 30:
176 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 2007: 1.0
Page 31 and 32:
178 P.J.J. Welfens et al. weak in t
Page 33 and 34:
180 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 10 T
Page 35 and 36:
182 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pessimist
Page 37 and 38:
184 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Reference
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Sustainability economics, resource
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50: Sustainability economics, resource
Page 55 and 56: Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:203-2
Page 57 and 58: The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
Page 79 and 80: 228 R. Bleischwitz economics and po
Page 81 and 82: 230 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 1 Global re
Page 83 and 84: 232 R. Bleischwitz demand is estima
Page 85 and 86: 234 R. Bleischwitz the ‘socio-ind
Page 87 and 88: 236 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 4 Productiv
Page 89 and 90: 238 R. Bleischwitz 5 Resource produ
Page 91 and 92: 240 R. Bleischwitz The vast majorit
Page 93 and 94: 242 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 6 Resource
Page 95 and 96: 244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009
Page 97 and 98: 246 R. Walz 1 Introduction Competen
Page 99: 248 R. Walz Based on the pollution
Page 103 and 104: 252 R. Walz In addition to exports,
Page 105 and 106: 254 R. Walz 4 Technological capabil
Page 107 and 108: 256 R. Walz 4.2 Analysis of patents
Page 109 and 110: 258 R. Walz recycling (e.g. shiftab
Page 111 and 112: 260 R. Walz Fig. 10 Specialization
Page 113 and 114: 262 R. Walz Table 1 Overview of ind
Page 115 and 116: 264 R. Walz questions alone. Clearl
Page 119 and 120: Eco-innovation for environmental su
Page 143 and 144: The Dutch energy transition approac
Page 151 and 152:
The Dutch energy transition approac
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Multi-agent modeling of economic in
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
344 C. Lutz 1 Introduction This cha
Page 195 and 196:
346 C. Lutz The scenario analysis a
Page 197 and 198:
348 C. Lutz is designed to reduce g
Page 199 and 200:
350 C. Lutz 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 C
Page 201 and 202:
352 C. Lutz Table 2 EU27 productivi
Page 203 and 204:
354 C. Lutz material-intensive to l
Page 205 and 206:
356 C. Lutz Giljum S, Behrens A, Hi
Page 207 and 208:
358 T. Machiba While industries are
Page 209 and 210:
360 T. Machiba Field Target Technol
Page 211 and 212:
362 T. Machiba 3 Understanding sust
Page 213 and 214:
364 T. Machiba The automotive and t
Page 215 and 216:
366 T. Machiba Air conditioners fun
Page 217 and 218:
368 T. Machiba Table 2 Application
Page 219:
370 T. Machiba Charter M, Clark T (
show all

The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?