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Eco-innovation for enabling resource efficiency and green growth 361 Eco-innovation targets Institutions Organisations & Marketing methods Processes & Products Fig. 2 A proposed framework of eco-innovation Primarily non-technological change Primarily technological change Higher potential environmental benefits… …but more difficult to co-ordinate Modification Redesign Alternatives Creation Eco-innovation mechanisms d. Organisations, such as the structure of management and the distribution of responsibilities. e. Institutions, which include the broader societal area beyond a single organisation’s control, such as institutional arrangements, social norms and cultural values. The target of the eco-innovation can be technological or non-technological in nature. Eco-innovation in products and processes tends to rely heavily on technological development; eco-innovation in marketing, organisations and institutions relies more on non-technological changes (OECD 2007). 2) Mechanism relates to the method by which the change in the eco-innovation target takes place or is introduced. It is also associated with the underlying nature of the eco-innovation—whether the change is of a technological or nontechnological character. Four basic mechanisms are identified: a. Modification, such as small, progressive product and process adjustments. b. Re-design, referring to significant changes in existing products, processes, organisational structures, etc. c. Alternatives, such as the introduction of goods and services that can fulfil the same functional need and operate as substitutes for other products. d. Creation, the design and introduction of entirely new products, processes, procedures, organisations and institutions. 3) Impact refers to the eco-innovation’s effect on the environment, across its lifecycle or some other focus area. Potential environmental impacts stem from the eco-innovation’s target and mechanism and their interplay with its sociotechnical surroundings. Given a specific target, the potential magnitude of the environmental benefit tends to depend on the eco-innovation’s mechanism, as more systemic changes, such as alternatives and creation, generally embody higher potential benefits than modification and re-design.
362 T. Machiba 3 Understanding sustainable manufacturing practices from the eco-innovation perspective Industries have traditionally addressed pollution concerns at the point of discharge. Since this end-of-pipe approach is often costly and ineffective, industry has increasingly adopted cleaner production by reducing the amount of energy and materials used in the production process. Many firms are now considering the environmental impact throughout the product’s lifecycle and are integrating environmental strategies and practices into their own management systems. Some pioneers have been working to establish a closed-loop production system that eliminates final disposal by recovering wastes and turning them into new resources for production, as exemplified in remanufacturing practices and eco-industrial parks. This evolution of such sustainable manufacturing initiatives can be viewed as facilitated by eco-innovation and classified according to the dimensions proposed in the previous section. Figure 3 provides a simple illustration of the general conceptual relations between sustainable manufacturing and eco-innovation. The steps in sustainable manufacturing are depicted in terms of their primary association with respect to eco-innovation facets. While more integrated sustainable manufacturing initiatives such as closed-loop production can potentially yield higher environmental improvements in the medium to long term, they can only be realised through a combination of a wider range of innovation targets and mechanisms and therefore cover a larger area of this figure. For instance, an eco-industrial park cannot be successfully established simply by locating manufacturing plants in the same space in the absence of technologies or procedures for exchanging resources. In fact, process modification, product design, alternative business models and the creation of new procedures and organisational arrangements need to go hand in hand to leverage the economic and environmental benefits of such initiatives. This implies that as sustainable manufacturing initiatives advance, the nature of the eco-innovation process becomes increasingly complex and more difficult to co-ordinate. Fig. 3 Conceptual relationships between sustainable manufacturing and eco-innovation
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Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:147-1
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The international economics of reso
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228 R. Bleischwitz economics and po
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244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009
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246 R. Walz 1 Introduction Competen
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250 R. Walz procedures. However, ev
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252 R. Walz In addition to exports,
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