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Competences for green development and leapfrogging 261 opportunities for NICs to use the latest environmentally more friendly technology, leading to a technological leapfrogging. However, this requires an interest of the NICs to push in this direction. One perspective is that these technologies help to reduce national environmental problems and to modernize the infrastructure. Another incentive is that by moving towards the latest sustainability relevant technologies, NICs might gain enough competences in order to compete on the world market in this growing market segment. Both perspectives require that NICs build up (technological and institutional) competences in the field of these technologies and their diffusion. In this paper, a first picture on the existing (technological) competences of NICs in the field of sustainability relevant technologies is presented. Various indicators are used, which are, however, not without caveats. Thus, the results must be interpreted with caution. The various indicators do not show a clear-cut picture. The differences in the results for the general innovation capabilities between the survey based methodology and the general R&D indicators (see chapter 3) point to the importance of not only relying on a single indicator. Nevertheless, there are some very robust results: The general innovation capabilities differ substantially within NICs, with Korea and Singapore showing the most favorable general innovation conditions and the highest absorptive capacity for new technologies. The innovation indicators with regard to the sustainability relevant technologies also show that NICs are highly heterogeneous. Furthermore, the increase in capabilities varies, but is especially high in the South (East) Asian countries. Combining the different criteria (Table 1), the following clusters can be observed: & higher level of general absorptive capability, but without specialization on sustainability technologies: Korea, Singapore, Taiwan (and perhaps China, especially if the overall size of the country is taken into account), & specialization on sustainability with a medium overall level of general absorptive capability: Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, & medium overall level of general absorptive capability, without specialization on sustainability technologies: Argentina, India, and Chile, & lower overall level of technological capability: Venezuela, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia. The analysis also reveals that there are quite considerable differences between the technological sustainability areas within the NICs, which are reflected in the specialization patterns. In general, NICs specialize more on material efficiency than on the other sustainability technologies. Thus, especially material efficiency seems to be a promising field for leapfrogging. For some of the NICs, the high specialization on material efficiency technologies can be traced back to a very high specialization on renewable resources (e.g. Malaysia, Brazil). This can be explained by the availability of natural resource base in these countries, which make an augmentation with technological competences in this field especially attractive. In other NICs, e.g. China and India, there is a tremendous increase in the build up of knowledge in material efficiency. This can be perhaps explained by the need to augment traditional strategies to secure resource availability by the additional option of material efficiency.
262 R. Walz Table 1 Overview of indicator results Country Survey based indicators on innovation capability General R&D indicators Specialization on sustainability technologies Increase in sust. capabilities Specialization on material efficiency China Medium Rather high Average High Average India Medium Medium Negative High Average Brazil Rather low Medium Positive medium Positive S. Africa Medium Medium Rather positive lower Positive Singapore High High Negative High Rather neg. Korea Rather high High Average High Negative Mexico Rather low Rather low Positive Rather high Rather pos. Malaysia Rather high Medium Rather positive High Positive Argentina Low Rather low Average medium Positive Even though there is still a high dependency of technology imports in a lot of the areas analyzed, the overall picture does not reflect a “classical” dependency of the NICs on the traditional industrial countries as technology providers. In addition to the countries which have already obtained an above average position in some sustainability relevant technologies, the international patent activities show— particularly in China, India and Malaysia—an enormous upward trend. The same holds for the development of publications in environmental engineering. In this respect it might seem realistic that some of the NICs will also become more and more successful in these technology areas in the future. Furthermore, the results differ with regard to the disaggregated technology areas. Thus, there are complementary strengths within NICs, which also open up the potential for increased South-South cooperation in the future technology development. Examples are the use of renewable resources or various forms of renewable energy, which have a high diffusion potential for almost all NICs, and considerable technological expertise in some NICs. However, moving towards a greater role for sustainability technologies also requires additional efforts by the NICs. First of all, higher attention must be paid to sustainability technologies within the national research priorities. The analysis of Walz et al. (2008) shows that in none of the BICS countries the research and innovation policy is especially aimed at decoupling environment and resource consumption from the economic development. In all BICS countries, the general support of the innovation activity in the business sector has priority. By and large, the sustainability research within the Science & Technology policy of the BICScountries is not institutionally differentiated. Mostly the sustainability topics are integrated into general, technology-independent funding instruments. Thus, sustainability issues do not represent an own field of the research support. This calls for a research policy which specifically targets sustainability. Another policy issue relates to demand. The supply oriented R&D policies have to be augmented with a demand oriented innovation policy. The demand for the sustainability technologies is strongly influenced by the (environmental) regulatory
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