The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of
The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of
The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of
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262 R. Walz<br />
Table 1 Overview <strong>of</strong> indicator results<br />
Country Survey based<br />
indicators on<br />
innovation<br />
capability<br />
General<br />
R&D<br />
indicators<br />
Specialization<br />
on sustainability<br />
technologies<br />
Increase<br />
in sust.<br />
capabilities<br />
Specialization<br />
on material<br />
efficiency<br />
China Medium Rather high Average High Average<br />
India Medium Medium Negative High Average<br />
Brazil Rather low Medium Positive medium Positive<br />
S. Africa Medium Medium Rather positive lower Positive<br />
Singapore High High Negative High Rather neg.<br />
Korea Rather high High Average High Negative<br />
Mexico Rather low Rather low Positive Rather high Rather pos.<br />
Malaysia Rather high Medium Rather positive High Positive<br />
Argentina Low Rather low Average medium Positive<br />
Even though there is still a high dependency <strong>of</strong> technology imports in a lot <strong>of</strong> the<br />
areas analyzed, the overall picture does not reflect a “classical” dependency <strong>of</strong> the<br />
NICs on the traditional industrial countries as technology providers. In addition to<br />
the countries which have already obtained an above average position in some<br />
sustainability relevant technologies, the <strong>international</strong> patent activities show—<br />
particularly in China, India <strong>and</strong> Malaysia—an enormous upward trend. <strong>The</strong> same<br />
holds for the development <strong>of</strong> publications in environmental engineering. In this<br />
respect it might seem realistic that some <strong>of</strong> the NICs will also become more <strong>and</strong><br />
more successful in these technology areas in the future. Furthermore, the results<br />
differ with regard to the disaggregated technology areas. Thus, there are<br />
complementary strengths within NICs, which also open up the potential for<br />
increased South-South cooperation in the future technology development. Examples<br />
are the use <strong>of</strong> renewable <strong><strong>resource</strong>s</strong> or various forms <strong>of</strong> renewable energy, which have<br />
a high diffusion potential for almost all NICs, <strong>and</strong> considerable technological<br />
expertise in some NICs.<br />
However, moving towards a greater role for sustainability technologies also<br />
requires additional efforts by the NICs. First <strong>of</strong> all, higher attention must be paid to<br />
sustainability technologies within the national research priorities. <strong>The</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
Walz et al. (2008) shows that in none <strong>of</strong> the BICS countries the research <strong>and</strong><br />
innovation policy is especially aimed at decoupling environment <strong>and</strong> <strong>resource</strong><br />
consumption from the economic development. In all BICS countries, the general<br />
support <strong>of</strong> the innovation activity in the business sector has priority. By <strong>and</strong> large,<br />
the sustainability research within the Science & Technology policy <strong>of</strong> the BICScountries<br />
is not institutionally differentiated. Mostly the sustainability topics are<br />
integrated into general, technology-independent funding instruments. Thus, sustainability<br />
issues do not represent an own field <strong>of</strong> the research support. This calls for a<br />
research policy which specifically targets sustainability.<br />
Another policy issue relates to dem<strong>and</strong>. <strong>The</strong> supply oriented R&D policies have<br />
to be augmented with a dem<strong>and</strong> oriented innovation policy. <strong>The</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> for the<br />
sustainability technologies is strongly influenced by the (environmental) regulatory