The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

More documents

Recommendations

Info

326 F. Beckenbach, R. Briegel A newly created innovative product (independently of whether it is created individually or cooperatively) is characterized by the following parameters which are determined randomly but influenced by endogenours variables: & demand potential (ypo), & initial value of demand (y(t0)) (at the time when the new product is put on the market), & threshold value for diffusion, the ‘critical mass’ (yts), and & velocity of diffusion (v). The expectation value for the demand potential is set proportionally to the turnover of the firm and to a certain power of the amount of declarative knowledge of the firm(s) that has (have) created the new product (more precisely: to the number of knowledge domains where the firm has got knowledge). 12 The expectation values for the initial value of demand and for the critical mass are set proportionally to the demand potential. The expectation value for the diffusion velocity depends linearly on an indicator of the intensity of competition in the corresponding production sector. The dynamics of final demand for an innovative product follows a stylized diffusion model. The final demand for this product of a given firm at the next time step y(t+1) is calculated via the following difference equations that leads to a logistic increase (resp. decrease) of demand if and only if the current demand y(t) is greater (resp. smaller) than the threshold value yts: Obviously it holds: ytþ ð 1Þ ¼ yt ytþ ð 1Þ ¼ yt ðÞþv yt ðÞ y ð tsÞðypo yt ðÞ ypo yts ðÞþv yt ðÞ yt ðÞ y ð tsÞ yts lim t!1 yt ðÞ¼ypo lim t!1 yt ðÞ¼yts lim t!1 yt ðÞ¼0 if y t0 if yðt0Þ > yts ; if yðt0Þ ¼ yts ; ð Þ < y ts : if yðÞ t yts; ð8Þ if yðÞy t ts : ð9Þ If a firm imitates an existing innovative product, the part of the demand potential that has not yet been exhausted at that point in time (distance A in Fig. 3) is shared equally among the imitating firm and the original innovator(s) (and previous imitators if existing). After having been adopted by a certain fraction of all consumers and thus having reached a certain amount of demand, an innovative product may be devaluated by 12 The background for this assumption is the positive relation between the broadness of knowledge and the firm’s flexibility as regards to the demand side.
Multi-agent modeling of economic innovation dynamics and its implications 327 further technological process and substituted by newer innovative products (innovation vintage model). Therefore the total final demand Y(t+1) for products of the sector where innovations have been brought to the market 13 is rescaled in such a way that it grows only by a certain proportion of the total increase of demand for the current innovations. Formally, if there are r innovations in a given sector, the total increase of demand for all these innovations is wtþ ð 1Þ ¼ Xr k¼1 ðykðtþ1Þ ykðÞ t Þ: ð10Þ If we denote by su the substitution factor (a model parameter measuring the degree by which conventional products are substituted by innovative products; 0 su 1), we can now define the time-dependent scaling factor sf(t) by sfðÞ¼ t Yt ðÞþð1 suÞ wtþ ð 1Þ : ð11Þ Yt ðÞþwtþ ð 1Þ Rescaling then means that the demand that each firm of this sector faces is multiplied by this same factor sf. This leads to an endogenous growth of total final demand, which is damped by a partial substitution of demand for conventional (or older innovative) products by demand for new innovative products in the same sector amounting to (1-sf )Y(t). The growth rate of final demand then comes to Ytþ ð 1Þ Yt ðÞ ð1suÞwtþ ð 1Þ ¼ : ð12Þ Yt ðÞ Yt ðÞ The inter-sectoral effects of the diffusion of innovations are the subject matter of the third level. The sectoral final demand derived from the innovation activities in a given sector is enhanced by the intermediary commodities and services delivered by that sector to other sectors. 14 The relation between the final demand component and its intermediary components in a given sector are assumed to remain constant. 15 Hence, if there is an increase in the final demand component of that sector a proportional increase is necessary for its intermediary components. Consequently further growth is induced in sectors in which these components are produced, which in turn induces further growth (in diminishing amount) in other sectors etc.. This mechanism is an important part of the growth dynamics being effective in modern market economies. For calculating this intersectoral dynamics we use input-/output tables (cf. Leontief 1991). These are well-known statistical accounting schemes being an obligatory part for the System of National Accounts (SNA). In such a table sectoral activities are differentiated between an intermediary component and a value added 13 The subscript for the sector is skipped here. 14 In developed market economies this intermediary part of the sectoral production is on average about 2/3 of the total sectoral production. 15 How these coefficients of intermediary production can be conceptualized dynamically is an intricate question which is beyond the scope of this elaboration (cf. Pan 2006).
Page 1 and 2:
Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:147-1
Page 3 and 4:
The international economics of reso
Page 5 and 6:
The international economics of reso
Page 7 and 8:
154 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Keywords
Page 9 and 10:
156 P.J.J. Welfens et al. developme
Page 11 and 12:
158 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In the su
Page 13 and 14:
160 P.J.J. Welfens et al. genuine s
Page 15 and 16:
162 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pt p0 1 p
Page 17 and 18:
164 P.J.J. Welfens et al. A synthet
Page 19 and 20:
166 P.J.J. Welfens et al. ecologica
Page 21 and 22:
168 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1 0,8 0,6
Page 23 and 24:
170 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In additi
Page 25 and 26:
172 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 5 Pa
Page 27 and 28:
174 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1.0 0.5 0
Page 29 and 30:
176 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 2007: 1.0
Page 31 and 32:
178 P.J.J. Welfens et al. weak in t
Page 33 and 34:
180 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 10 T
Page 35 and 36:
182 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pessimist
Page 37 and 38:
184 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Reference
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Sustainability economics, resource
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
228 R. Bleischwitz economics and po
Page 81 and 82:
230 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 1 Global re
Page 83 and 84:
232 R. Bleischwitz demand is estima
Page 85 and 86:
234 R. Bleischwitz the ‘socio-ind
Page 87 and 88:
236 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 4 Productiv
Page 89 and 90:
238 R. Bleischwitz 5 Resource produ
Page 91 and 92:
240 R. Bleischwitz The vast majorit
Page 93 and 94:
242 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 6 Resource
Page 95 and 96:
244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009
Page 97 and 98:
246 R. Walz 1 Introduction Competen
Page 99 and 100:
248 R. Walz Based on the pollution
Page 101 and 102:
250 R. Walz procedures. However, ev
Page 103 and 104:
252 R. Walz In addition to exports,
Page 105 and 106:
254 R. Walz 4 Technological capabil
Page 107 and 108:
256 R. Walz 4.2 Analysis of patents
Page 109 and 110:
258 R. Walz recycling (e.g. shiftab
Page 111 and 112:
260 R. Walz Fig. 10 Specialization
Page 113 and 114:
262 R. Walz Table 1 Overview of ind
Page 115 and 116:
264 R. Walz questions alone. Clearl
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Eco-innovation for environmental su
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126: Eco-innovation for environmental su
Page 141 and 142: Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:291-3
Page 143 and 144: The Dutch energy transition approac
Page 167 and 168: Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:317-3
Page 169 and 170: Multi-agent modeling of economic in
Page 175: Multi-agent modeling of economic in
Page 193 and 194: 344 C. Lutz 1 Introduction This cha
Page 195 and 196: 346 C. Lutz The scenario analysis a
Page 197 and 198: 348 C. Lutz is designed to reduce g
Page 199 and 200: 350 C. Lutz 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 C
Page 201 and 202: 352 C. Lutz Table 2 EU27 productivi
Page 203 and 204: 354 C. Lutz material-intensive to l
Page 205 and 206: 356 C. Lutz Giljum S, Behrens A, Hi
Page 207 and 208: 358 T. Machiba While industries are
Page 209 and 210: 360 T. Machiba Field Target Technol
Page 211 and 212: 362 T. Machiba 3 Understanding sust
Page 213 and 214: 364 T. Machiba The automotive and t
Page 215 and 216: 366 T. Machiba Air conditioners fun
Page 217 and 218: 368 T. Machiba Table 2 Application
Page 219: 370 T. Machiba Charter M, Clark T (
show all

The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?