The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Competences for green development and leapfrogging 259 require a careful environmental impact assessment whose outcome depends on the specific framework conditions. The accumulated share of the 9 analyzed NICs in worldwide patents in the field of material efficiency is around 7.5% (for comparison: Germany reaches 17%). Figures 9 and 10 demonstrates that China and Korea have the largest shares among these NICs, followed by Brazil and India, which are on the same level. The indicators reveal a strong specialization of Brazil, Malaysia, South Africa and Argentina in both patents and exports. In addition, a very positive RPA indicates that Mexico is specializing on knowledge build up in material efficiency technologies, too. China, India, Singapore and South Korea all show below average specialization in the field of material efficiency. However, only for South Korea a clear negative RPA results, indicating that the knowledge build-up in South Korea is stronger in other areas than material efficiency. The aggregated figures for material efficiency disguise large differences between the different sub-sectors. The activities in Malaysia, for example, are dominated by renewable raw materials. The strong specialization in exports can also explained by the effect that the exports numbers in the sub-sector renewable resources also include exports of some processed natural resources. In Brazil, patenting in recycling technologies adds to the positive specialization in renewable resources. China and India have negative export specialization in all the examined sub-sectors of material efficiency. However, the patent specialization indicates a strong build-up of knowledge in renewable raw materials and material-efficient production processes and products. This indicates that there are efforts being made in these sub-sectors to build up the domestic knowledge base. Patent activities in recycling are below average; this implies that this sector will operate in a “low tech” mode for some additional time. In South Africa, there is a clear three-way split: the country shows strong above average competence in recycling, around average specialization for renewable raw materials, but is below average in material-efficient production Fig. 9 Shares of NICs in world exports and transnational patents in material efficiency. Source: Calculations of Fraunhofer ISI
260 R. Walz Fig. 10 Specialization profile of NICs in material efficiency. Source: Calculations of Fraunhofer ISI processes and products. This holds for both specialization in patents and exports. Mexico shows a strong positive specialization in patenting in all the sub-sectors, but below average specialization in trade. Thus, material efficiency seems to be one area Mexico is building up knowledge, without relying on foreign knowledge as much as in other fields. However, Mexico has not been able to translate this in above average export performance yet. Korea, finally, shows a clear below average specialization in almost all technological fields relevant for material efficiency for both patenting and exports. The only exception is the field of material efficient production processes and products, where the indicator values point to a substantial knowledge build up. To sum up the results: almost all of the analyzed NICs show positive patent specialization in the field of material efficiency. Thus, among the sustainability technology fields, material efficiency seems to be a field in which the NICs are especially building up their knowledge base. The disaggregated analysis shows that there are different rationales which can explain the specialization pattern: For Brazil, Malaysia and Argentina, the natural resource availability in these countries and the related export potential call for further build up in the knowledge base of associated technologies along the value chain. However, other technological areas are also contributing to the knowledge build up, e.g. recycling in Brazil and very strongly in South Africa. On the other end of the spectrum are Singapore and South Korea, which are already highly successful in various manufacturing fields, but put a below average emphasis on material efficiency. India and China both show a negative trade specialization. The positive patent specialization is more likely to be explained by the efforts made to build up domestic knowledge competences, in order to augment the strategies of securing access to raw materials from abroad with additional options to reduce the demand for these raw materials. 6 Conclusions and outlook Global environmental sustainability requires that environmentally friendly technologies are put in place all over the world. Environmental Economists stress the
Page 1 and 2:
Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:147-1
Page 3 and 4:
The international economics of reso
Page 5 and 6:
The international economics of reso
Page 7 and 8:
154 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Keywords
Page 9 and 10:
156 P.J.J. Welfens et al. developme
Page 11 and 12:
158 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In the su
Page 13 and 14:
160 P.J.J. Welfens et al. genuine s
Page 15 and 16:
162 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pt p0 1 p
Page 17 and 18:
164 P.J.J. Welfens et al. A synthet
Page 19 and 20:
166 P.J.J. Welfens et al. ecologica
Page 21 and 22:
168 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1 0,8 0,6
Page 23 and 24:
170 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In additi
Page 25 and 26:
172 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 5 Pa
Page 27 and 28:
174 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1.0 0.5 0
Page 29 and 30:
176 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 2007: 1.0
Page 31 and 32:
178 P.J.J. Welfens et al. weak in t
Page 33 and 34:
180 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 10 T
Page 35 and 36:
182 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pessimist
Page 37 and 38:
184 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Reference
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Sustainability economics, resource
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
Page 59 and 60: The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
Page 79 and 80: 228 R. Bleischwitz economics and po
Page 81 and 82: 230 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 1 Global re
Page 83 and 84: 232 R. Bleischwitz demand is estima
Page 85 and 86: 234 R. Bleischwitz the ‘socio-ind
Page 87 and 88: 236 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 4 Productiv
Page 89 and 90: 238 R. Bleischwitz 5 Resource produ
Page 91 and 92: 240 R. Bleischwitz The vast majorit
Page 93 and 94: 242 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 6 Resource
Page 95 and 96: 244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009
Page 97 and 98: 246 R. Walz 1 Introduction Competen
Page 99 and 100: 248 R. Walz Based on the pollution
Page 101 and 102: 250 R. Walz procedures. However, ev
Page 103 and 104: 252 R. Walz In addition to exports,
Page 105 and 106: 254 R. Walz 4 Technological capabil
Page 107 and 108: 256 R. Walz 4.2 Analysis of patents
Page 109: 258 R. Walz recycling (e.g. shiftab
Page 113 and 114: 262 R. Walz Table 1 Overview of ind
Page 115 and 116: 264 R. Walz questions alone. Clearl
Page 117 and 118: Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:267-2
Page 119 and 120: Eco-innovation for environmental su
Page 141 and 142: Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:291-3
Page 143 and 144: The Dutch energy transition approac
Page 161 and 162:
The Dutch energy transition approac
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Multi-agent modeling of economic in
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
344 C. Lutz 1 Introduction This cha
Page 195 and 196:
346 C. Lutz The scenario analysis a
Page 197 and 198:
348 C. Lutz is designed to reduce g
Page 199 and 200:
350 C. Lutz 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 C
Page 201 and 202:
352 C. Lutz Table 2 EU27 productivi
Page 203 and 204:
354 C. Lutz material-intensive to l
Page 205 and 206:
356 C. Lutz Giljum S, Behrens A, Hi
Page 207 and 208:
358 T. Machiba While industries are
Page 209 and 210:
360 T. Machiba Field Target Technol
Page 211 and 212:
362 T. Machiba 3 Understanding sust
Page 213 and 214:
364 T. Machiba The automotive and t
Page 215 and 216:
366 T. Machiba Air conditioners fun
Page 217 and 218:
368 T. Machiba Table 2 Application
Page 219:
370 T. Machiba Charter M, Clark T (
show all

The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?