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Competences for green development and leapfrogging 259 require a careful environmental impact assessment whose outcome depends on the specific framework conditions. The accumulated share of the 9 analyzed NICs in worldwide patents in the field of material efficiency is around 7.5% (for comparison: Germany reaches 17%). Figures 9 and 10 demonstrates that China and Korea have the largest shares among these NICs, followed by Brazil and India, which are on the same level. The indicators reveal a strong specialization of Brazil, Malaysia, South Africa and Argentina in both patents and exports. In addition, a very positive RPA indicates that Mexico is specializing on knowledge build up in material efficiency technologies, too. China, India, Singapore and South Korea all show below average specialization in the field of material efficiency. However, only for South Korea a clear negative RPA results, indicating that the knowledge build-up in South Korea is stronger in other areas than material efficiency. The aggregated figures for material efficiency disguise large differences between the different sub-sectors. The activities in Malaysia, for example, are dominated by renewable raw materials. The strong specialization in exports can also explained by the effect that the exports numbers in the sub-sector renewable resources also include exports of some processed natural resources. In Brazil, patenting in recycling technologies adds to the positive specialization in renewable resources. China and India have negative export specialization in all the examined sub-sectors of material efficiency. However, the patent specialization indicates a strong build-up of knowledge in renewable raw materials and material-efficient production processes and products. This indicates that there are efforts being made in these sub-sectors to build up the domestic knowledge base. Patent activities in recycling are below average; this implies that this sector will operate in a “low tech” mode for some additional time. In South Africa, there is a clear three-way split: the country shows strong above average competence in recycling, around average specialization for renewable raw materials, but is below average in material-efficient production Fig. 9 Shares of NICs in world exports and transnational patents in material efficiency. Source: Calculations of Fraunhofer ISI
260 R. Walz Fig. 10 Specialization profile of NICs in material efficiency. Source: Calculations of Fraunhofer ISI processes and products. This holds for both specialization in patents and exports. Mexico shows a strong positive specialization in patenting in all the sub-sectors, but below average specialization in trade. Thus, material efficiency seems to be one area Mexico is building up knowledge, without relying on foreign knowledge as much as in other fields. However, Mexico has not been able to translate this in above average export performance yet. Korea, finally, shows a clear below average specialization in almost all technological fields relevant for material efficiency for both patenting and exports. The only exception is the field of material efficient production processes and products, where the indicator values point to a substantial knowledge build up. To sum up the results: almost all of the analyzed NICs show positive patent specialization in the field of material efficiency. Thus, among the sustainability technology fields, material efficiency seems to be a field in which the NICs are especially building up their knowledge base. The disaggregated analysis shows that there are different rationales which can explain the specialization pattern: For Brazil, Malaysia and Argentina, the natural resource availability in these countries and the related export potential call for further build up in the knowledge base of associated technologies along the value chain. However, other technological areas are also contributing to the knowledge build up, e.g. recycling in Brazil and very strongly in South Africa. On the other end of the spectrum are Singapore and South Korea, which are already highly successful in various manufacturing fields, but put a below average emphasis on material efficiency. India and China both show a negative trade specialization. The positive patent specialization is more likely to be explained by the efforts made to build up domestic knowledge competences, in order to augment the strategies of securing access to raw materials from abroad with additional options to reduce the demand for these raw materials. 6 Conclusions and outlook Global environmental sustainability requires that environmentally friendly technologies are put in place all over the world. Environmental Economists stress the
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Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:147-1
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The international economics of reso
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154 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Keywords
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Sustainability economics, resource
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The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
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344 C. Lutz 1 Introduction This cha
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346 C. Lutz The scenario analysis a
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348 C. Lutz is designed to reduce g
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350 C. Lutz 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 C
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352 C. Lutz Table 2 EU27 productivi
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354 C. Lutz material-intensive to l
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356 C. Lutz Giljum S, Behrens A, Hi
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358 T. Machiba While industries are
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360 T. Machiba Field Target Technol
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362 T. Machiba 3 Understanding sust
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366 T. Machiba Air conditioners fun
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368 T. Machiba Table 2 Application
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370 T. Machiba Charter M, Clark T (
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