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330 F. Beckenbach, R. Briegel Fig. 6 Modes of action (agent-level) over time production activity of agents. 16 To begin with, the vintage structure of our innovation model has to be explained briefly: The production activities of firm agents consist of innovative products generated by previous innovation activities in different time steps during the simulation and activities related to conventional (or old) products. This vintage structure is of importance for the dynamics of final demand as well as for the emission coefficients related to the various innovative products (see the next paragraph). The driving forces for the internal emission dynamics can be decomposed in four different effects. Firstly and most importantly the type of innovation as regards emission has to be taken into account. Generally the emissions may increase or decrease as a result of innovation. This can be expressed by the time dependent development of the emission coefficient, relating the emission and amount of output in every time step. For getting an adequate idea about the internal dynamics of generating emissions the initial emission coefficient is set on an equal level for all products in all sectors. To each newly created innovative product j in some sector i, a product specific emission coefficient (emi,j) is associated which is calculated on the basis of the current mean emission coefficient of all products in the corresponding sector and the emission reducing or increasing effect of innovation. Given this emission-increasing or emissiondecreasing nature of innovation, the overall effect of innovation secondly depends on the speed of diffusion for the innovated product under consideration. This diffusion effect is tantamount to the time-dependent increase in the share of the innovated product on the corresponding market. Closely related to this growth effect of diffusion is thirdly the substitution effect, i.e. the replacement of old products by new ones 17 on the level of final demand. Fourthly, every sector is producing intermediary commodities, i.e. commodities not determined to meet the final demand but to be an input for production in other sectors. That part of the intermediary commodities delivered by innovating firms is also shaped by the vintage structure: It is assumed that 16 This activity level is measured in value terms because price fluctuations are not dealt with in the model. 17 This means that conventional products as well as older innovative products are substituted by newer innovative products.
Multi-agent modeling of economic innovation dynamics and its implications 331 the emission coefficients for these intermediary commodities follow the same dynamics as the mean emission coefficient for all final products; in other words, the same emission coefficient is valid for the total gross production in the sector and not only for the mean of innovative products for the consumer market. The total emission in a given time step and a given sector and of the economy can be determined by taking these four effects into account and summing up over all innovative and conventional 18 products: emiðÞ¼ t PiðÞ t emiðt1ÞYi;old þ emi; j Yi; jðÞ t j¼1 Yi;total ð15Þ where Pj(t) denotes the number of innovative products in sector i that are on the market in time step t. The overall emission in the time step and sector under consideration then amounts to: EmiðÞ¼emi t ðÞXi t ðÞ: t ð16Þ Two of these effects shall be considered more closely: the type of innovation and the velocity of the diffusion v (a model parameter, cf. section 3 (4)) of given innovations. The former is determined by the model parameter M (change factor of emission coefficient) which co-determines the emission coefficient for an innovative product created in time step t: 19 emi;jðÞ¼Memi t ðt1Þ: ð17Þ In order to illustrate the influence of these two crucial parameters, we are going to analyze the dynamics of the emissions for three exemplary cases: (i) the overall growth case (M>1, v is high), (ii) the case with decreasing emission and fast diffusion (M
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Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:147-1
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154 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Keywords
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156 P.J.J. Welfens et al. developme
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158 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In the su
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164 P.J.J. Welfens et al. A synthet
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176 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 2007: 1.0
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180 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 10 T
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182 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pessimist
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184 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Reference
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Sustainability economics, resource
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The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
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228 R. Bleischwitz economics and po
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230 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 1 Global re
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232 R. Bleischwitz demand is estima
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234 R. Bleischwitz the ‘socio-ind
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236 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 4 Productiv
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238 R. Bleischwitz 5 Resource produ
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240 R. Bleischwitz The vast majorit
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244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009
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246 R. Walz 1 Introduction Competen
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248 R. Walz Based on the pollution
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250 R. Walz procedures. However, ev
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252 R. Walz In addition to exports,
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254 R. Walz 4 Technological capabil
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256 R. Walz 4.2 Analysis of patents
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258 R. Walz recycling (e.g. shiftab
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260 R. Walz Fig. 10 Specialization
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262 R. Walz Table 1 Overview of ind
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264 R. Walz questions alone. Clearl
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Eco-innovation for environmental su
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