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302 R. Kemp Table 2 Overview of demonstration projects in the area of sustainable energy funded under the EOS- DEMO programme in the 2004–2007 period Unique opportunities scheme(UKR) Platform Projects approved Investment amount × 1 million euro Subsidy amount × 1 million euro CO 2reduction in kton/year Projects approved New gas 49 125.5 18.3 74 9,234 Sustainable electricity supply 9 26.5 4.0 2 855 Transport (sustainable mobility) 4 9.3 1.1 4 618 Green raw materials 4 6.3 1.5 4 289 Greenhouse as energy source 14 61.6 7.6 142 8,485 Chain efficiency 16 50.1 9.4 46 2,793 Built environment – – – – – Total 96 279.3 41.9 273 22,274 Energy Innovation Agenda (2008, p. 113) (Staatscourant 25 Feb 2008, nr. 39, p. 29). The position of the energy transition approach within the policy framework for sustainable energy is given in Fig. 2. As one can see the energy transition approach is but one element in the policy framework for sustainable energy, which is much wider and includes production subsidies, environmental covenants and green procurement policies at the demand side, various RTD policies and other policies at the supply side, policies for start ups, cluster policies and other sociotechnical alignment policies. The whole approach is set up as a vehicle for sociotechnical change and policy change in a coordinated manner. This is evident from the following quote from policy makers Frank Dietz, Hugo Brouwer and Rob Weterings: “It is clear that working on fundamental changes to the energy system can only be successful if the government adjusts its policy instrumentarium accordingly. This means that the policy for research and development, the stimulation of demonstration projects, and the (large-scale) market introduction must be brought in line with the selected transition pathways. In addition, the suggestions for new policies put forward by the platforms must be taken seriously. At this point, the government faces a major challenge, because much of the current policy was formulated based on the classic way of thinking that is characterized by a topdown approach and dominated by short-term objectives, implemented by fragmented and individually-operating departments and Ministries, on which market influences do not or hardly have any effect” (Dietz et al. 2008: 238) It is also evident from the activities of the Regieorgaan and the platforms for 2009 (Table 4). As one can see the platforms seek to produce advice, take stock of what has been achieved, they commission studies and are involved in all kind institutional alignment activities (also between the platforms). The platforms are currently
The Dutch energy transition approach 303 Table 3 Government policy instruments for innovative transition projects Government instrument providing support to innovative transition projects 2007–2008 working with municipal authorities and national government to create pilots for energy neutral living districts to learn about alternative energy systems (with the systems going beyond particular technologies from the platforms) and to create visibility for the energy transition. 3.1 Front-runners desk An interesting initiative is the front-runners desk, created in 2004, designed to help innovative companies with problems encountered and to help policy to become more innovation friendly. Problems varied from difficulties with getting financial support (from government or private finance) to problems with getting permits. Between Jan 2004 and March 2006, 69 companies approached the desk to discuss problems. In 59% of the cases, the problems were solved thanks to the intervention of the desk, in 12% of the cases the companies could not be helped, and in the remaining cases (29%) the desk was still dealing with the issue at the time of the evaluation. An overview of the functions of the desk for innovators and policy is provided in the Table 5. The government also funded an evaluation of 31 transition paths, to examine transition path specific “motors” and barriers. 3.1.1 Budget and staffing Period Number of projects funded Number of project applications Subsidies (€) Total investments (indicative) Demonstration demo 1× Oct 07–Jan08 21 66 11,248,588 96,000,000 Towards energy-neutral homes UKR 1× Feb–Apr 08 15 42 7,500,000 30,300,000 Clean busses 1× Nov 07–May 08 6 9 10,000,000 20,000,000 Fuelling stations alternative fuels 1× May–Jun 08 pm 44 1,800,000 5,000,000 Semi-closed greenhouse/ 1× Feb–Mar 08 17 20 13,206,145 40,000,000 other energy systems MEI (indicative) Heating/cooling in industry SBIR 1× Sep–Dec 08 8 14 371.623 Heating/cooling UKP 1× Sep–Dec 08 Unknown yet pm 10,000,000 pm Bio-innovative products SBIR 1× Aug–Oct 08 20 47 1,800,000 nvt Total 8× 86 242 (3,0× more) 55,926,356 191,300,000 (3,3× more) IPE werkplan 2008, pp. 6–7 From the 6 Ministries involved (Ministry of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Health, Spatial Planning and Natural Environment, Ministry of Traffic and Water, Ministry of Agriculture and nature, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance) more than 20 people are directly involved in the energy transition activities. In the government period 2007–2008 in total 130 innovative projects started with a total
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