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Eco-innovation for enabling resource efficiency and green growth 369 products and in corporate environmental performance. Eco-innovation can be understood in terms of its target, mechanism and impact. From the perspective of eco-innovation, the primary focus of sustainable manufacturing practices tends to be on technological advances for the modification and re-design of products or processes. However, some advanced industry players have adopted complementary organisational or institutional changes such as new business models or alternative modes of provision, for example, offering productservice solutions rather than selling physical products. As such, it is essential to capture both incremental and systemic (or radical) types of eco-innovation unlike the conventional economic and empirical research in this area. The former type of innovation mainly supports realising relative decoupling in the relatively short term, while the latter has potential for enabling absolute decoupling in the long term. Although improvements in eco-efficiency through incremental innovations have led to substantial environmental progress, the gains have often been offset by increasing consumption or outpaced by scale effects. In order for OECD countries to fulfil a potential post-Kyoto target of GHG emissions reduction, they will therefore need to engage in a broader range of ecoinnovations. Probably most needed for government is knowledge and competence to set balanced priorities between taking short-term “low-hanging fruit” and investing in long-term sustainable changes. The potential economic and environmental benefits of systemic innovation need to be identified, particularly where applications of new technologies can have highest benefits. To guide the processes of system transition and industry restructuring, visions and scenarios for further societal systems should be collectively developed and shared in different areas such as transport, housing and nutrition. In this context, the OECD project on Green Growth and Eco-innovation moved to its second phase in 2010 and works in three fronts: a) case studies of new business approaches to eco-innovation; b) analysis and case studies of policies to drive ecoinnovation; and c) empirical analysis of eco-innovation and the transition in industrial structures required to realise green growth. The first element is particularly relevant to the further development of the eco-innovation concept and framework as it will explore the potential of radical and systemic eco-innovation and learn how successes can be further extended and accelerated. This will be done by analysing the innovation processes of specific cases to be collected from member countries, including diverse aspects such as the source of the original idea, the business model, the role of partnerships and collaboration, the impact of policies in facilitating the innovation, the sources of funding and the potential economic and environmental benefits. References Bleischwitz R (2007) Corporate governance of sustainability : a co-evolutionary view on resource management, Edward Elgar Carrillo-Hermosilla J, del Río Gonzaléz P, Könnölä T (2009) Eco-innovation: when sustainability and competitiveness shake hands. Macmillan, New York
370 T. Machiba Charter M, Clark T (2007), Sustainable innovation: key conclusions from sustainable innovation conferences 2003–2006, Farnham: Centre for Sustainable Design, www.cfsd.org.uk/SustainableInnovation/index. html. Geels FW (2005) Technological transitions and system innovations: a co-evolutionary and socio-technical analysis. Elgar, Cheltenham Loorbach D (2007) Transition management: new mode of governance for sustainable development. International, Utrecht Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) et al. (2008), MEI project about measuring eco-innovation: final report, under the EU 6th Framework Programme, Maastricht: MERIT, www.merit.unu.edu/MEI/deliverables/MEI%20D15%20Final%20report% 20about%20measuring%20eco-innovation.pdf. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan (METI) (2007) The key to innovation creation and the promotion of eco-innovation, report by the Industrial Science Technology Policy Committee, Tokyo: METI (Japanese only; English summary available on request), www.meti.go.jp/press/20070706003/ 20070706003.html. OECD (2005), Governance of innovation systems, Volume 1: Synthesis report, Paris: OECD, www.oecd. org/document/25/0,3343,en_2649_34269_35175257_1_1_1_37417,00.html OECD (2007) Science, technology and industry scoreboard 2007: innovation, and performance in the global economy. OECD, Paris OECD (2008) Environmental innovation and global markets, report for the Working Party on Global and Structural Policies, ENV/EPOC/GSP(2007)2/FINAL, Paris: OECD, www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc. nsf/LinkTo/NT00005CD6/$FILE/JT03241008.PDF OECD (2009a) Declaration on green growth, adopted at the council meeting at ministerial level, 25 June, Paris: OECD, www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3343,en_2649_201185_43164671_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD (2009b), Sustainable manufacturing and eco-innovation: towards a green economy, OECD Policy Brief, June, Paris: OECD, www.oecd.org/sti/innovation/sustainablemanufacturing OECD (2010) Eco-innovation in industry: enabling green growth, Paris: OECD, www.oecd.org/ document/34/0,3343,en_2649_34173_44416162_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD and Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) (2005) Oslo manual: guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data, 3rd ed. Paris: OECD, www.oecd.org/document/33/ 0,3343,en_2649_34409_35595607_1_1_1_1,00.html Reid A, Miedzinski M (2008) Eco-innovation: final report for sectoral innovation watch, Belgium: Technopolis Group, www.technopolis-group.com/resources/downloads/661_report_final.pdf Rennings K (2000) Redefining Innovation: eco-innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics. J Ecol Econ 32:319–332 The Climate Group (2008) SMART 2020: enabling the low carbon economy in the information age, report on behalf of the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI), London: The Climate Group, www. smart2020.org
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