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International economics of resource productivity... 243 Furthermore, an international agreement on sustainable resource management is deemed necessary in the long run (Bleischwitz et al. 2009b). 7 Conclusions Our paper emphasizes the transformation to a green economy that comes along with resource constraints and increasing resource productivity. It puts the need to limit and lower the emissions of greenhouse gases in the wider context of managing ecosystems and natural resources in a sustainable manner while acknowledging the prospects for eco-innovation and green growth. The claim is made that this offers a comprehensive view on possible resource constraints as well as on tangible business opportunities, in particular if policies act as a ‘visible hand’. This means that policies should provide a long-term orientation, essential information and sound economic incentives, complemented by international cooperation. Regarding the latter, our paper proposes an international covenant to establish material stewardship for metals and an international agreement on sustainable resource management. However more research ought to be done to understand and explore the international economics of such transition strategies and its interdisciplinary dimensions. Research needs to conduct time series analysis to establish causality on drivers for resource use and competitiveness as well as to explore the relevance of lifecycle material costs across different industries and economies. In that regard, international economics and economic policy are entering a fascinating field. References Aghion P, Hemous D, Veugelaers R (2009) No green growth without innovation, Bruegel Policy Brief No. 7, Brüssel Angerer G, Erdmann L, Marscheider-Weidemann F, Scharp M, Lüllmann A, Handke V, und Marwede M (2009) Rohstoffe für Zukunftstechnologien. Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart Bleischwitz R (ed) (2007) Corporate governance of sustainability: a co-evolutionary view on resource management; Cheltenham [u.a.]: Elgar Bleischwitz R, Welfens P, Zhang ZX (ed) (2009a) Sustainable Growth and Resource Productivity – Economic and Global Policy Issues, Greenleaf Publisher Bleischwitz R et al (2009b) Outline of a resource policy and its economic dimension, In: Bringezu S, Bleischwitz R (eds) Sustainable Resource Management. Trends, Visions and Policies for Europe and the World, Greenleaf Publisher, pp. 216-296 Bringezu S (2009) Visions of a sustainable resource use. In Sustainable Resource Management. Trends, Visions and Policies for Europe and the World. Greenleaf, S. S. 155-215 Bringezu S, Bleischwitz R (2009) Sustainable resource management : global trends, visions and policies, Greenleaf Bringezu et al (2009) Europe’s resource use: basic trends, global and sectoral patterns, environmental and socio-economic imapcts. In: Bringezu S, Bleischwitz R (eds) Sustainable Resource Management. Trends, Visions and Policies for Europe and the World, Greenleaf Publisher, pp. 52 – 154 Cordell D, Drangert J-O, White S (2009) The Story of Phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environ Change 19(2009):292–305 De Bruyn S, Markowska A, de Jong F, Blom M (2009) Resource productivity, competitiveness and environmental policies, CE Delft Dittrich M (2009) The physical dimension of international trade, 1962-2005. In: Bleischwitz R, Welfens PJJ, Zhang ZX (eds) Sustainable growth and resource productivity. Economic and global policy issues. Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield
244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009) Will the mining industry meet the global need for metals? In Sustainable Growth and Resource Productivity. Sheffield: Greenleaf, S. 14-30 Commission of the European Communities (2005) Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Naural Resources Eurostat, IFF (2004) Economy-wideMaterial Flow Accounts and Indicators of Resource Use for the EU-15 Giljum S, Dittrich M et al (2010) Resource use and resource efficiency in Asia. A pilot study and trends over the past 25 years, commissioned by UNIDO, SERI/WI Global Witness (2008) “‘Faced with a gun, what can you do?’” (London: Global Witness) Gylfason T (2009) Development and growth in mineral-rich countries. In Sustainable Growth and Resource Productivity. Sheffield: Greenleaf, pp. 42-85 Lutz C, Giljum S (2009) Global resource use in a business-as-usual world up to 2030: updated results form the GINFORS model. In Sustainable Growth and Resource Productivity. Sheffield: Greenleaf, pp. 30-42 MacLean HL, Duchin F, Hagelüken C, Halada K, Kesler SE, Moriguchi Y, Mueller D, Norgate TE, Reuter MA, van der Voet E, Hagelüken C, und Meskers CEM (2010) Stocks, Flows and Prospects of Mineral Resources. In: Graedel T, van der Voet E (eds) Linkages of Sustainability. Strüngmann Forum Report 4. The MIT Press, Cambridge Malerba F (2007) Innovation and the dynamics and evolution of industries: Progress and challenges. Int J Ind Organ 25(4):675–699 McNulty JP, Khay A (2009) Lithium. Extracting the Details of the Lithium Market. Credit Suisse, p. 18. Available at: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12415608/Lithium OECD (2008) Measuring Material Flows and Resource Productivity. OECD, Paris OECD (2009) Eco-Innovation in Industry: Enabling Green Growth; Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Osnes M.-A (2010) Energy Use and Competitiveness. The relationship between energy intensity and national competitiveness, Thesis submitted at the College of Europe Bruges, Belgium Petri J (2007) New Models of Sustainability for the Resources Sector: A Focus on Minerals and Metals Process Safety and Environmental Protection, pp. 88–98 Rennings K, Rammer C (2009) Increasing energy and resource efficiency through innovation – an explorative analysis using innovation survey data. ZEW discussion paper No. 09-056 Saurat M, Bringezu S (2009) Platinum Group Metal Flows of Europe: PART II: Exploring the Technological and Institutional Potential for Reducing Environmental Impacts. J Ind Ecol 13:406–421 Schepelmann P, Stock M, Koska T, Schüle R, Reutter O (2009) A green new deal for Europe : towards green modernisation in the face of crisis ; a report by the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy. - Brussels : Green European Foundation, 2009 - (Green new deal series ; 1) SERI, FOE, Global 2000 (2009) Ohne Mass und Ziel? Über unseren Umgang mit den natürlichen Ressourcen der Erde, Wien Smith A, Stirling A, Berkhout F (2005) The governance of sustainable sociotechnical transitions. Res Pol 34:1491–1510 Solow RM (1974) ‘The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics’, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 64: 1-14 Solow RM et al (2009) Special issue on ‘The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics’), in: Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 1.1 Steger S, Bleischwitz R (2009) Decoupling GDP from resource use, resource productivity and competitiveness: a cross-country comparison. In: Bleischwitz R, Welfens PJJ, Zhang ZX (eds) Sustainable Growth and Resource Productivity. Greenleaf Publisher, p. 172–193 Stern N (2008) The Economics of Climate Change. Am Econ Rev 98.2:1–37 Stern D, Cleveland C (2004) Energy and Economic Growth, Rensselaer Working Papers in Economics, Number 0410 UNCTAD (2010) Trade and environment review. Promoting the poles of clean growth to foster the transition to a more sustainable economy, Geneva Walz R (2009) Competences for Green Development and Leapfrogging in Newly Industrializing Countries, accepted for publication in: International Economics and Economic Policy (in press). Weizsäcker E et al. (2009) Factor Five: Transforming the Global Economy Through 80% Improvement in Resource Productivity, Earth scan World Resources Forum Davos (2009) Declaration of the World Resources Forum - Sept. 16, 2009: Resource Governance – Managing Growing Demands for Material on a Finite Planet, available at: http://www.worldresourcesforum.org
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154 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Keywords
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344 C. Lutz 1 Introduction This cha
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