The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

More documents

Recommendations

Info

278 P. Ekins 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Source: EC 2006 Fig. 6 Eco-industry turnover as % of EU-25 in '000 1000 800 600 400 200 0 solid waste management Source: EC 2006 waste water treatment water supply recycled materials air pollution control Fig. 7 Eco-industry employment in 2004, EU-25 Germany France UK Italy Netherlands Austria Spain Denmark Poland Belgium Sweden Finland Portugal Hungary Greece Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia Slovakia Lithuania Luxembourg Estonia Latvia Cyprus general public admin private env management remediation & clean up pollution management resource management noise & vibration nature protection
Eco-innovation for environmental sustainability 279 4.2 Eco-industries’ diffusion and cost-reduction Oosterhuis and ten Brink (2006) note that new technologies, when they are successful in being applied and finding their way to the market, often follow a pattern in which the uptake starts at a low speed, then accelerates and slows down again when the level of saturation approaches. This is reflected in the well-known logistic or S-curve (see Fig. 8). The acceleration in uptake is not only due to the fact that the technology is becoming more widely known, but also to improvements and cost reductions occurring in the course of the diffusion process due to economies of scale and learning effects. Cost reductions as a function of the accumulative production (or sales) of a particular technology can be represented by ‘learning curves’ or ‘experience curves’. Figure 9 shows a learning curve for photovoltaic energy technology. The ‘learning rate’ (the percentage cost reduction with each doubling of cumulative production or sales) persisted throughout three decades of development of the technology. IEA (2000) has assessed the potential of experience curves as tools to inform and strengthen energy technology policy. It stresses the importance of measures to encourage niche markets for new technologies as one of the most efficient ways for governments to provide learning opportunities. McDonald and Schrattenholzer (2001) have assembled data on experience accumulation and cost reduction for a number of energy technologies (including wind and solar PV). They estimated learning rates for the resulting 26 data sets, analyzed their variability, and evaluated their usefulness for applications in long-term energy models. Junginger (2005) applied a learning curve approach to investigate the potential cost reductions in renewable electricity production technologies, in particular wind and biomass based. He also addressed a number of methodological issues related to the construction and use of learning curves. Several studies have been carried out to assess the quantitative relationship between the development of costs of environmental technologies and time. A TME study (1995) pioneered this, and RIVM (2000) further explored the consequences of prototypes demo niche early adopters mass application laggards saturation Fig. 8 Stages in the introduction of a new technology; the S-curve
Page 1 and 2:
Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:147-1
Page 3 and 4:
The international economics of reso
Page 5 and 6:
The international economics of reso
Page 7 and 8:
154 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Keywords
Page 9 and 10:
156 P.J.J. Welfens et al. developme
Page 11 and 12:
158 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In the su
Page 13 and 14:
160 P.J.J. Welfens et al. genuine s
Page 15 and 16:
162 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pt p0 1 p
Page 17 and 18:
164 P.J.J. Welfens et al. A synthet
Page 19 and 20:
166 P.J.J. Welfens et al. ecologica
Page 21 and 22:
168 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1 0,8 0,6
Page 23 and 24:
170 P.J.J. Welfens et al. In additi
Page 25 and 26:
172 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 5 Pa
Page 27 and 28:
174 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 1.0 0.5 0
Page 29 and 30:
176 P.J.J. Welfens et al. 2007: 1.0
Page 31 and 32:
178 P.J.J. Welfens et al. weak in t
Page 33 and 34:
180 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Fig. 10 T
Page 35 and 36:
182 P.J.J. Welfens et al. pessimist
Page 37 and 38:
184 P.J.J. Welfens et al. Reference
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Sustainability economics, resource
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78: The U.S. proposed carbon tariffs, W
Page 79 and 80: 228 R. Bleischwitz economics and po
Page 81 and 82: 230 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 1 Global re
Page 83 and 84: 232 R. Bleischwitz demand is estima
Page 85 and 86: 234 R. Bleischwitz the ‘socio-ind
Page 87 and 88: 236 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 4 Productiv
Page 89 and 90: 238 R. Bleischwitz 5 Resource produ
Page 91 and 92: 240 R. Bleischwitz The vast majorit
Page 93 and 94: 242 R. Bleischwitz Fig. 6 Resource
Page 95 and 96: 244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009
Page 97 and 98: 246 R. Walz 1 Introduction Competen
Page 99 and 100: 248 R. Walz Based on the pollution
Page 101 and 102: 250 R. Walz procedures. However, ev
Page 103 and 104: 252 R. Walz In addition to exports,
Page 105 and 106: 254 R. Walz 4 Technological capabil
Page 107 and 108: 256 R. Walz 4.2 Analysis of patents
Page 109 and 110: 258 R. Walz recycling (e.g. shiftab
Page 111 and 112: 260 R. Walz Fig. 10 Specialization
Page 113 and 114: 262 R. Walz Table 1 Overview of ind
Page 115 and 116: 264 R. Walz questions alone. Clearl
Page 117 and 118: Int Econ Econ Policy (2010) 7:267-2
Page 119 and 120: Eco-innovation for environmental su
Page 127: Eco-innovation for environmental su
Page 143 and 144: The Dutch energy transition approac
Page 169 and 170: Multi-agent modeling of economic in
Page 179 and 180:
Multi-agent modeling of economic in
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
344 C. Lutz 1 Introduction This cha
Page 195 and 196:
346 C. Lutz The scenario analysis a
Page 197 and 198:
348 C. Lutz is designed to reduce g
Page 199 and 200:
350 C. Lutz 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 C
Page 201 and 202:
352 C. Lutz Table 2 EU27 productivi
Page 203 and 204:
354 C. Lutz material-intensive to l
Page 205 and 206:
356 C. Lutz Giljum S, Behrens A, Hi
Page 207 and 208:
358 T. Machiba While industries are
Page 209 and 210:
360 T. Machiba Field Target Technol
Page 211 and 212:
362 T. Machiba 3 Understanding sust
Page 213 and 214:
364 T. Machiba The automotive and t
Page 215 and 216:
366 T. Machiba Air conditioners fun
Page 217 and 218:
368 T. Machiba Table 2 Application
Page 219:
370 T. Machiba Charter M, Clark T (
show all

The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?