The international economics of resources and resource ... - Index of

Competences for green development and leapfrogging 253
R&D expenditures as percentage of GDP
3,00
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
Total R&D expenditures (2005)*
BERD (2005)*
id ph th ve mx ar my tr cl za br in cn sg tw kr
Fig. 2 R&D indicators for the analyzed NICs. Source: Compilation of ISI, based on OECD and
UNESCO data
aggregated using principal component analysis (see Peuckert 2008). The index
values are normalized in a way that a value of zero indicates that the general
innovation capabilities of a country are estimated to be at the average of all 56
countries included in the survey. According to these results, Singapore, Taiwan,
South Korea, and Malaysia, but also India and Chile are classified as those countries
with the best framework conditions among the analyzed NICs (Fig. 3).
Comparing the results from both approaches, some differences become apparent,
e.g. with regard to the results for Malaysia versus China. Thus, a careful
interpretation is necessary which takes into account results from both methods.
Fig. 3 Innovation system index for the general innovation conditions in selected Newly Industrializing
Countries. Source: calculations from Peukert 2008, based on survey data of WEF (2006)