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150 R. Bleischwitz et al. Such a perspective for innovation and green growth is also combined with that on lead markets for material efficiency, bio-based products and resource productivity worldwide. In distinction to climate change diplomacy, where it is difficult to engage the emerging economies, our perspective sheds light on attractive lead markets in emerging economies because they can build upon advantages in natural endowments and allow for the establishment of new development pathways. The scope of this special issue follows the debate as outlined above. The international sustainability discussion has focused greatly on CO 2 emission reductions but this focus is rather narrow and not really adequate when the long-run sustainability dynamics are to be assessed. The broader role of green innovativeness has to be considered as well. Aimed for a broader innovation-oriented sustainability, Welfens, Perret and Erdem have developed the Global Sustainability Indicator. The new indicator set is in line with OECD recommendations for composite indicators and uses weights from factor analysis. Reflecting environmental pressures, economic performance and capabilities for eco-technologies, the Global Sustainability Indicator shows a compact way of assessing global sustainability. Illustrating the outcomes on a global scale, their paper also addresses the relevance of the policy. Lucas Bretschger gives an overview on sustainability economics and sheds light on the nexus between using resources and economic performance from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. Furthermore, the paper addresses a possible “Green New Deal” that would help boost investments into eco-innovation. ZhongXiang Zhang analyzes trade policy implications of the proposed carbon tariffs in the U.S., as well as China’s responses to it. Scrutinizing the emissions allowance requirements proposed in the U.S. congressional climate bills against WTO provisions and case laws, his paper recommends what is to be done on the side of the U.S. to minimize the potential conflicts with WTO provisions in designing its border carbon adjustment measures, and provides suggestions for China on how to deal with its advantage effectively while being targeted by such proposed measures. Raimund Bleischwitz analyzes why a concern about natural resources requires a sustainability perspective and compares resource productivity performances across countries. Introducing the notion of ‘material flow innovation’, he discusses the innovation dynamics and issues of competitiveness. In the paper he also makes a case for effective resource policies that should provide incentives for knowledge generation and to get prices right. Rainer Walz discusses competences for green development and leapfrogging in Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs). His empirical analysis shows diverging competences innovation patterns across NICs, though in general, the eco-innovation performance is impressive and supports the lead market hypothesis. Paul Ekins discusses concepts, policies and the political economy of system innovation for environmental sustainability. His paper supports a strong role in policy and also advocates the role of the law, in a policy mix with the undoubtable success of the economic incentives. René Kemp analyzes the innovative Dutch Energy Transition approach, which is characterized by dialogues and cooperation among actors rather than a top-down policy. Explaining how it has worked in the past and what theories support the transition approach, the paper makes an interim assessment and discusses implications for a policy mix.
The international economics of resources and resource policy 151 Frank Beckenbach takes a dynamic system perspective and presents findings from an agent-based, multi-level approach on innovation, growth and mitigating emission impacts. His simulation reveals the time dependency of incentives and the usefulness of target group-specific approaches. Christian Lutz also presents findings from a modeling exercise. Using the dynamic input–output model GINFORS, the paper reveals the economic impacts of reducing CO2 emissions and increasing resource productivity in the EU. The results show a positive impact on emissions and employment, though a slightly lower GDP growth compared to business in usual scenarios. Tomoo Machiba introduces the OECD’s work on green growth and the underlying analytical approach; furthermore, the paper discusses new policy crossroads after the financial crisis. From the analysis of the underlying issues, it is clear that Resource Economics, International Economics and Policy Analysis should be linked more closely in the future. For a future research agenda empirical findings should be included on green innovativeness, as well as on the progress in the field of resource efficiency. Moreover, there is also great need to get more empirical studies on the issue of external effects of production, consumption and waste disposal. References Aldersgate Group (2010) Beyond Carbon: towards a resource efficient future, London Bleischwitz R, Welfens PJJ, Zhang ZX (eds) (2009) Sustainable growth and resource productivity: economic and global policy issues. Greenleaf Publisher, Sheffield Bringezu S (2009) Visions of a sustainable resource use. In: Bringezu S, Bleischwitz R (eds) Sustainable resource management. Trends, visions and policies for Europe and the world. Greenleaf Publisher, pp 155–215 Bringezu S, Bleischwitz R (eds) (2009) Sustainable resource management. Trends, visions and policies for Europe and the World. Greenleaf Publisher OECD (2008) Measuring material flows and resource productivity. Vol. I–III and a Synthesis report. Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation, Paris Olmstead S, Stavins R (2009) An expanded three-part architecture for post-2012 international climate policy, The Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements, www.belfercenter.org/climate Rennings K, Rammer C (2009) Increasing energy and resource efficiency through innovation—an explorative analysis using innovation survey data. ZEW discussion paper No. 09-056 Welfens PJJ (2010) Transatlantic baking crisis: analysis, rating, policy. Int Economics and Economic Policy 7:3–48 Zhang ZX (2009) How far can developing country commitments go in an immediate post-2012 climate regime? Energy Policy 37:1753–1757
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240 R. Bleischwitz The vast majorit
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244 R. Bleischwitz Ericsson M (2009
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246 R. Walz 1 Introduction Competen
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248 R. Walz Based on the pollution
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250 R. Walz procedures. However, ev
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252 R. Walz In addition to exports,
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254 R. Walz 4 Technological capabil
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256 R. Walz 4.2 Analysis of patents
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260 R. Walz Fig. 10 Specialization
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262 R. Walz Table 1 Overview of ind
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344 C. Lutz 1 Introduction This cha
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352 C. Lutz Table 2 EU27 productivi
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354 C. Lutz material-intensive to l
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356 C. Lutz Giljum S, Behrens A, Hi
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358 T. Machiba While industries are
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360 T. Machiba Field Target Technol
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362 T. Machiba 3 Understanding sust
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364 T. Machiba The automotive and t
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370 T. Machiba Charter M, Clark T (
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