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do about it. The Laval Beast-man was ushered in, as Langer put it, "as "a test<br />

<strong>of</strong> strength between Germany and the United States." All <strong>of</strong> the anti-Vichy<br />

groupings in the U.S. were jumping or joy, namely the Union for<br />

Democratic Action, the Committee to Defend America, and the Fight for<br />

Freedom, had all been clamoring to break with Vichy and to "deal only with<br />

the Free French." Within six months <strong>of</strong> the return <strong>of</strong> Laval to power, the<br />

United States invaded North Africa, and changed the entire world strategic<br />

picture.<br />

By May-June 1942, almost the entirety <strong>of</strong> the Mediterranean region<br />

was under control <strong>of</strong> the Germans. The U.S. had just had a resounding<br />

victory in the Pacific Battle <strong>of</strong> Midway, on June 3 rd . After Admiral Leahy<br />

returned home for consultation with the President, it was decided not to<br />

break <strong>of</strong>f relations with the Vichy government yet, however, it was essential<br />

to keep the communication with the three stooges, Petain-Laval-Darlan, at<br />

the lowest level since the beginning <strong>of</strong> the war.<br />

In Roosevelt's mind, there were always two crucial strategic factors:<br />

the situation <strong>of</strong> the French Fleet, and the situation <strong>of</strong> North Africa. Up until<br />

spring <strong>of</strong> 1942, the French Fleet had been uppermost on the mind <strong>of</strong><br />

Roosevelt, but by June, he had come to the conclusion that it was highly<br />

improbable that Vichy would allow the fleet to fall into the hands <strong>of</strong> the<br />

German, since it had become the best bargaining chip for the Vichy<br />

government, and it was ascertained by all American intelligence reports that<br />

no more than 10 percent <strong>of</strong> the crews and naval <strong>of</strong>ficers would obey German<br />

orders. The American naval attaché was himself convinced that Vichy would<br />

never turn over the fleet to the Axis power. All in all, it was the strategic<br />

situation <strong>of</strong> North Africa, which had become the determinant factor in the<br />

attitude <strong>of</strong> America toward France generally.<br />

Leaving the respective problems <strong>of</strong> Vichy France and de Gaulle's Free<br />

French as mere derivatives <strong>of</strong> the central strategic danger <strong>of</strong> the Synarchist-<br />

Eurafrican-Axis domination <strong>of</strong> the world, North Africa had become the<br />

dominant issue to flank and control. The danger was that with a German<br />

conquest <strong>of</strong> this region <strong>of</strong> the world, followed by a takeover <strong>of</strong> West Africa,<br />

and a Japanese coordinated <strong>of</strong>fensive in the Pacific, constituted the most<br />

serious strategic threat for the entire Western Hemisphere.<br />

When Laval came back to power, de Gaulle saw this return as an<br />

opportunity to break the logjam with the Allies. He was continuously<br />

131

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