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all costs from the ordinary framework and procedure in a situation<br />

without precedent.<br />

"M. Paul Reynaud did not think fit to take upon himself decisions<br />

so far outside the normal and calculated orbit. He tried to attain the aim<br />

by maneuvering. That explains, in particular, the fact that he envisaged<br />

a possible examination <strong>of</strong> the enemy's armistice conditions, provided<br />

England gave her consent. No doubt he judged that even those who<br />

were pushing towards an armistice would recoil when they knew its<br />

terms, and that then there would come into play the regroupment <strong>of</strong> all<br />

men <strong>of</strong> value, to make war and save the country. But the tragedy was<br />

too harsh to be resolved. Either make war without sparing anything, or<br />

surrender at once: there was no alternative, only these two extremes. M.<br />

Paul Reynaud, through failing to identify himself wholly with the first,<br />

gave place to Petain, who completely adopted the second.<br />

"It has to be said that at the supreme moment the regime <strong>of</strong>fered<br />

to the head <strong>of</strong> the last government <strong>of</strong> the Third Republic nothing to fall<br />

back upon. Assuredly many <strong>of</strong> the men in <strong>of</strong>fice looked upon<br />

capitulation with horror. But the authorities, shattered by the disaster<br />

for which they felt themselves responsible, did not react at all. At the<br />

time when they were faced by the problem on which, for France, all the<br />

present and all the future depended, Parliament did not sit, the<br />

government showed itself incapable <strong>of</strong> adopting as a body a decisive<br />

solution, and the President <strong>of</strong> the Republic abstained from raising his<br />

voice, even within the Cabinet, to express the supreme interest <strong>of</strong> the<br />

country. In reality this annihilation <strong>of</strong> the state was at the bottom <strong>of</strong> the<br />

national tragedy. By the light <strong>of</strong> the thunderbolt the regime was<br />

revealed, in its ghastly infirmity, as having no proportion and no<br />

relation to the defense, honor, and independence <strong>of</strong> France.}" (The<br />

Complete War Memoirs <strong>of</strong> Charles de Gaulle}, p. 78-80).<br />

11.2 THE SINKING OF THE FRENCH FLEET (1940)<br />

78

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