The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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Cladosporium sphaerospermum species complex White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications (Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, eds). Academic Press, San Diego, California: 315–322. Wirsel SGR, Runge-Froböse C, Ahren DG, Kemen E, Oliver RP, Mendgen, KW (2002). Four or more species of Cladosporium sympatrically colonize Phragmites australis. Fungal Genetics and Biology 25: 99–113. Yano S, Koyabashi K, Kato K (2002). Intrabronchial lesion due to Cladosporium sphaerospermum in a healthy, non-asthmatic woman. Mycoses 46: 348–350. www.studiesinmycology.org 183
available online at www.studiesinmycology.org doi:10.3114/sim.2007.58.07 Studies in Mycology 58: 185–217. 2007. Opportunistic, human-pathogenic species in the Herpotrichiellaceae are phenotypically similar to saprobic or phytopathogenic species in the Venturiaceae P.W. Crous 1* , K. Schubert 2 , U. Braun 3 , G.S. de Hoog 1 , A.D. Hocking 4 , H.-D. Shin 5 and J.Z. Groenewald 1 1 CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2 Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany; 3 Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle, Germany; 4 CSIRO Food Science Australia, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia; 5 Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea *Correspondence: Pedro W. Crous, p.crous@cbs.knaw.nl Abstract: Although morphologically similar, species of Cladophialophora (Herpotrichiellaceae) were shown to be phylogenetically distinct from Pseudocladosporium (Venturiaceae), which was revealed to be synonymous with the older genus, Fusicladium. Other than being associated with human disorders, species of Cladophialophora were found to also be phytopathogenic, or to occur as saprobes on organic material, or in water, fruit juices, or sports drinks, along with species of Exophiala. Caproventuria and Metacoleroa were confirmed to be synonyms of Venturia, which has Fusicladium (= Pseudocladosporium) anamorphs. Apiosporina, based on A. collinsii, clustered basal to the Venturia clade, and appears to represent a further synonym. Several species with a pseudocladosporium-like morphology in vitro represent a sister clade to the Venturia clade, and are unrelated to Polyscytalum. These taxa are newly described in Fusicladium, which is morphologically close to Anungitea, a heterogeneous genus with unknown phylogenetic affinity. In contrast to the Herpotrichiellaceae, which were shown to produce numerous synanamorphs in culture, species of the Venturiaceae were morphologically and phylogenetically more uniform. Several new species and new combinations were introduced in Cladophialophora, Cyphellophora (Herpotrichiellaceae), Exophiala, Fusicladium, Venturia (Venturiaceae), and Cylindrosympodium (incertae sedis). Taxonomic novelties: Cladophialophora australiensis Crous & A.D. Hocking, sp. nov., Cladophialophora chaetospira (Grove) Crous & Arzanlou, comb. nov., Cladophialophora hostae Crous, U. Braun & H.D. Shin, sp. nov., Cladophialophora humicola Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., Cladophialophora potulentorum Crous & A.D. Hocking, sp. nov., Cladophialophora scillae (Deighton) Crous, U. Braun & K. Schub., comb. nov., Cladophialophora sylvestris Crous & de Hoog, sp. nov., Cylindrosympodium lauri Crous & R.F. Castañeda, sp. nov., Cyphellophora hylomeconis Crous, de Hoog & H.D. Shin, sp. nov., Exophiala eucalyptorum Crous, sp. nov., Fusicladium africanum Crous, sp. nov., Fusicladium amoenum (R.F. Castañeda & Dugan) Crous, K. Schub. & U. Braun, comb. nov., Fusicladium brevicatenatum (U. Braun & Feiler) Crous, U. Braun & K. Schub., comb. nov., Fusicladium fagi Crous & de Hoog, sp. nov., Fusicladium intermedium (Crous & W.B. Kendr.) Crous, comb. nov., Fusicladium matsushimae (U. Braun & C.F. Hill) Crous, U. Braun & K. Schub., comb. nov., Fusicladium pini Crous & de Hoog, sp. nov., Fusicladium ramoconidii Crous & de Hoog, sp. nov., Fusicladium rhodense Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov., Venturia hystrioides (Dugan, R.G. Roberts & Hanlin) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov. Key words: Anungitea, Anungitopsis, Cladophialophora, Exophiala, Fusicladium, phylogeny, Pseudocladosporium, systematics, Venturia. Introduction Species of Cladophialophora Borelli are relatively simple hyphomycetes with brown hyphae that give rise to branched chains of pale brown conidia. Phylogenetically they are defined to belong to the Chaetothyriales (Haase et al. 1999, Untereiner 2000), an order containing numerous opportunists (de Hoog et al. 2000); teleomorph relationships are with Capronia Sacc. in the Herpotrichiellaceae. In several cases cladophialophora-like synanamorphs are found accompanying black yeasts of the genus Exophiala J.W. Carmich. (de Hoog et al. 1995). Braun & Feiler (1995) placed several saprobic hyphomycetes in Cladophialophora, and described Capronia hanliniana U. Braun & Feiler as teleomorph of Cladophialophora brevicatenata U. Braun & Feiler. This work was continued by Dugan et al. (1995), who described an additional teleomorph, Capronia hystrioides Dugan, R.G. Roberts & Hanlin for Cladophialophora hachijoensis (Matsush.) U. Braun & Feiler. Untereiner (1997) reduced Capronia hystrioides to synonymy with C. hanliniana, and placed them in Venturia Sacc. (Venturiaceae, Pleosporales). The concept of Cladophialophora hachijoensis, which is based on Phaeoramularia hachijoensis Matsush. (Matsushima 1975) is confused, however, and phylogenetic studies have revealed that isolates attributed to this name in recent studies, were in fact representatives of three different species in phylogenetically distinct genera (Braun et al. 2003). The separation of Cladophialophora with Capronia teleomorphs (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales; commonly isolated as human pathogens), from predominantly saprobic or phytopathogenic isolates in the Dothideomycetes was recognised by Braun (1998). Recently the cactus endophyte Cladophialophora yegresii de Hoog was reported to be the nearest neighbour of C. carrionii (Trejos) de Hoog et al., a major agent of human chromoblastomycosis (de Hoog et al. 2007), so that the main distinction between the two anamorph genera remains in their phylogenetic positions. Capronia hanliniana and C. hystrioides were again recognised as distinct species, and placed in a new genus, Caproventuria U. Braun (Venturiaceae), while their anamorphs were accommodated in Pseudocladosporium U. Braun. Caproventuria was primarily distinguished from Venturia based on its distinct Pseudocladosporium anamorphs. Recently, Crous et al. (2007b) introduced a third genus, namely Sympoventuria Crous & Seifert, which produces a sympodiella-like anamorph in culture. To complicate matters further, Beck et al. (2005) concluded, based on an ITS DNA phylogeny, that the morphology attributed to the form genera Spilocaea Fr., Pollaccia E. Bald. & Cif., and Fusicladium Bonord. has evolved several times within Venturia, and that a single anamorph genus should be used for Venturia, namely Fusicladium (see Schubert et al. 2003 for additional generic synonyms). In their treatment of Venturia anamorphs, Schubert et al. (2003) excluded Pseudocladosporium, and stated that its status needs to be confirmed along with that of other genera such as Anungitea B. Sutton, Fusicladium and Polyscytalum Riess. In the study by Beck et al. (2005) an isolate of Caproventuria hystrioides (Pseudocladosporium sp.) was included to confirm the link to the Venturiaceae, though this was not well resolved, nor was the status of the older generic names mentioned above addressed. 185
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Studies in Mycology 58 (2007) The g
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Studies in Mycology The Studies in
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CONTENTS P.W. Crous, U. Braun and J
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lectotype for the genus by Clements
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Schubert K (2005a). Morphotaxonomic
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
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Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Crous et al. 100 10 changes 65 100
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Crous et al. Treatment of phylogene
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Crous et al. Teratosphaeria bellula
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Crous et al. 6. Conidiophores short
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Crous et al. Habit plant pathogenic
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Crous et al. Fig. 7. Catenulostroma
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Crous et al. system, consisting of
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Crous et al. Fig. 9. Penidiella col
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Crous et al. Fig. 12. Penidiella ri
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Crous et al. conidiophores, about 1
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Crous et al. have conidiomata rangi
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Crous et al. Schizothyriaceae clade
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Crous et al. Fig. 21. Stigmidium sc
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Crous et al. Gams W, Verkley GJM, C
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
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Crous et al. 100 61 100 52 100 10 c
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Crous et al. Fig. 3. Rachicladospor
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Crous et al. Fig. 4. Toxicocladospo
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Crous et al. Fig. 5. Verrucocladosp
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Crous et al. Fig. 7. Stenella aragu
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Crous et al. Helotiales, incertae s
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Crous et al. Fig. 10. Ochrocladospo
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Crous et al. Fig. 12. Rhizocladospo
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Crous et al. 7. Conidiophores unbra
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Crous et al. 33. Terminal conidioge
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Crous et al. Crous PW, Kang JC, Bra
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Arzanlou et al. To date 26 species
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Arzanlou et al. Table 1. (Continued
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Arzanlou et al. 10 changes Athelia
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Arzanlou et al. Athelia epiphylla A
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 3. Periconiell
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Arzanlou et al. Cultural characteri
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 10. A. Ramichl
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Arzanlou et al. Ramichloridium musa
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 20. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 22. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Rhinocladiella mack
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 26. Veronaea c
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 30. Myrmecridi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 32. Radulidium
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 34. Rhodoveron
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Arzanlou et al. even further, thoug
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available online at www.studiesinmy
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. 10 chan
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Fig. 3.
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. to intr
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Czechos
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Cladosporium herbarum species compl
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Page 170 and 171: Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Page 202 and 203: Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Page 224 and 225: Crous et al. Excluded taxa Polyscyt
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Page 230 and 231: Cladophialophora carrionii complex
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Hormoconis resinae and morphologica
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Fig. 6 Hormoconis resinae and morph
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Cladophialophora, 52 k , 54 k -55,
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Fusicladium phillyreae, 189 c , 191
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Ramichloridium epichloës, 60, 89 P
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Trimmatostroma salicis, 3 t , 5, 6
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