The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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Crous et al. system, consisting of a single terminal conidiogenous cell giving rise to several ramoconidia that form secondary ramoconidia, etc., or the branched apparatus is composed of several terminal and sometimes lateral conidiogenous cells giving rise to sequences of ramoconidia (conidiogenous cells and ramoconidia are often barely distinguishable, with conidiogenous cells disarticulating, becoming ramoconidia). The branched apparatus may be loose to dense, metula-like. The conidiogenous cells have only few, usually 1–3 (–4), terminal or subterminal subdenticulate loci, and ramoconidia are prominent and numerous, giving rise to branched chains of secondary conidia with flat-tipped hila. Some species of Penidiella with compact, metula-like branched apices are morphologically close to Metulocladosporiella Crous, Schroers, J.Z. Groenew., U. Braun & K. Schub. (Crous et al. 2006d). This genus encompasses two species of banana diseases belonging to Herpotrichiellaceae (Chaetothyriales), characterised by having conidiophore bases with rhizoid hyphal appendages and abundant micronematous conidiophores. Penidiella species with less pronounced penicillate apices, e.g. P. strumelloidea (Milko & Dunaev) Crous & U. Braun, are comparable with species of the genus Pleurotheciopsis B. Sutton (see Ellis 1976). The latter genus is distinct in having unbranched, often percurrently proliferating conidiophores, lacking ramoconidia and colourless conidia formed in simple chains. Cladosporium helicosporum R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. (Castañeda et al. 1997) is another penidiella-like fungus with terminally branched conidiophores, subdenticulate conidiogenous loci and conidia in long acropetal chains, but its affinity to Penidiella has still to be proven. Key to Penidiella species 1. Conidiophores in vivo in well-developed, dense fascicles and distinct synnemata arising from a basal stroma; on fallen leaves of Ficus sp., Cuba ............................................................................................................................................................................... P. cubensis 1. Conidiophores solitary, at most loosely aggregated .................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Conidiophores with a terminal conidiogenous cell, often somewhat swollen, giving rise to several ramoconidia (on one level) that form chains of straight to distinctly curved conidia; isolated from leaf of Carex sp., Russia ..................................................... P. strumelloidea 2. Penicillate apex of the conidiophores composed of a system of true branchlets, conidiogenous cells and ramoconidia or at least a sequence of ramoconidia on several levels; conidia usually straight ......................................................................................................................... 3 3. Mycelium verruculose; long filiform conidiophores ending with a subdenticulate cell giving rise to sets of penicillate conidiogenous cells or ramoconidia which are barely distinguishable and turn into each other; ramoconidia and conidia consistently narrow, (1.5–)2(–2.5) µm wide, and aseptate, ramoconidia sometimes heterochromous; on living leaves of Nectandra coriacea, Cuba ................... P. nectandrae 3. Mycelium more or less smooth; penicillate apex at least partly with true branchlets; conidia wider, 2–5 µm, at least partly septate, uniformly pigmented ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 4. Hyphae, conidiophores and conidia frequently distinctly constricted at the septa; penicillate apex of the conidiophores sparingly developed, branchlets more or less divergent; isolated from leaf litter of Smilax sp., Cuba .................................................................. P. rigidophora 4. Hyphae and conidia without distinct constrictions at the septa; penicillate apex of the conidiophores usually well-developed, with abundant branchings ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 5. Conidiophores short, up to 120 × 3–4 µm, frequently with intercalary conidiogenous cell, swollen at the conidiogenous portion just below the upper septum which render the conidiophores subnodulose to distinctly nodulose, apex ± loosely penicillate; conidia (4–)5–7(–8) µm long; occasionally with micronematous conidiophores; isolated from man with tinea nigra, Venezuela .......................... P. venezuelensis 5. Conidiophores much longer, up to 800 µm, 7–9 µm wide at the base, not distinctly nodulose, penicillate apex loose to often more compact, tight, metula-like; conidia longer, 7–25 × 2–5 µm; micronematous conidiophores lacking; isolated from dead leaf of Paepalanthus columbianus, Colombia ........................................................................................................................................................ P. columbiana Penidiella columbiana Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov. MycoBank MB504510. Figs 8–9. Etymology: Named after its country of origin, Colombia. Mycelium ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, levibus, pallide brunneis, 2–3 µm latis compositum. Conidiophora ex hyphis superficialibus oriunda, penicillata, erecta, brunnea, crassitunicata, minute verruculosa, ad 800 µm longa, ad basim 7–9 µm lata, ad apicem pluriramosa, ex ramibus diversibus et cellulis conidiogenis composita, ramibus primariis (–2) subcylindraceis, 1–7-septatis, 50–120 × 4–6 µm; ramibus secundariis (–2) subcylindraceis, 1–5-septatis, 40–60 × 4–6 µm; ramibus tertiariis et subsequentibus 1–4-septatis, 10–30 × 3–5 µm. Cellulae conidiogenae terminales vel laterales, non ramosae, 5–15 × 3–5 µm, modice brunneae, minute verruculosae, apicem versus attenuatae, truncatae vel rotundatae, polyblasticae, sympodiales, cicatrices conidiales incrassatae, sed leviter fuscatae et non refractivae. Ramoconidia 0–1-septata, modice brunnea, levia, ellipsoidea, obclavata vel obovoidea, cum 1–3 hilis terminalibus, 10–20 × 3–5 µm; conidia subcylindrica vel ellipsoidea, 0–1-septata, pallide brunnea, catenata (–10), hila truncata, non incrassata, vix vel leviter fuscata. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, smooth, pale brown, 2–3 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores arising from superficial mycelium, terminally penicillate, erect, brown, wall up to 1 µm wide, almost smooth to finely verruculose, up to 800 µm tall, 7–9 µm wide at the base; conidiogenous region consisting of a series of branches composed of true branchlets, conidiogenous cells and ramoconidia, branched portion usually rather compact, even metula-like, but also looser, with divergent branches; primary branches (–2), subcylindrical, 1–7-septate, 50–120 × 4–6 µm; secondary branches (–2), subcylindrical, 1–5-septate, 40–60 × 4–6 µm; tertiary and additional branches 1–4-septate, 10–30 × 3–5 µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, intercalary or lateral, unbranched, 5–15 × 3–5 µm, medium brown, finely verruculose, tapering to a flattened or rounded (frequently swollen) apical region, scars thickened, but only somewhat darkened, not refractive. Ramoconidia 0–1-septate, 18
Phylogenetic lineages in the Capnodiales Fig. 8. Penidiella columbiana (type material). A. Conidiophores on pine needle in vitro. B–H. Conidiophores with chains of disarticulating conidia. Scale bars: A = 450, B–C = 10 µm. medium brown, smooth, wall ≤ 1 µm wide, ellipsoidal to obclavate or obovoid, with 1–3 apical hila, 10–25 × 3–5 µm, ramoconidia with broadly truncate base, not or barely attenuated, up to 4 µm wide, or at least somewhat attenuated at the base, hila 1.5–3 µm wide. Conidia subcylindrical to ellipsoid, 0(–1)-septate, pale brown, in chains of up to 10, 7–15 × 2–3 µm, hila truncate, unthickened, barely to somewhat darkened, 1–2 µm wide. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on PDA erumpent, spreading, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, even, submerged margins; olivaceous-grey in central part, iron-grey in outer region (surface); colonies fertile. Specimen examined: Colombia, Páramo de Guasca, 3400 m alt., isolated from dead leaf of Paepalanthus columbianus (Eriocaulaceae), Aug. 1980, W. Gams, holotype CBS H-19937, culture ex-type CBS 486.80. Notes: This isolate was originally identified as belonging to the Stenella araguata species complex. The latter name has been somewhat confused in the literature, and has been incorrectly applied to isolates associated with opportunistic human infections (de Hoog et al. 2000). The “araguata” species complex is treated elsewhere in the volume (see Crous et al. 2007a – this volume). www.studiesinmycology.org Penidiella cubensis (R.F. Castañeda) U. Braun, Crous & R.F. Castañeda, comb. nov. MycoBank MB504511. Fig. 10. Basionym: Cladosporium cubense R.F. Castañeda, Fungi Cubenses II (La Habana): 4. 1987. In vivo: Colonies on fallen leaves, amphigenous, effuse, pilose, brown. Mycelium usually external, superficial, but also internal, composed of branched, septate, brown, thin-walled, smooth to rough-walled hyphae, 2–3 µm wide. Stromata present, 40–80 µm diam, brown, immersed. Conidiophores densely fasciculate or in distinct synnemata, arising from stromata, erect, synnemata up to about 1000 µm long and (10–)20–40(–50) µm wide, individual threads filiform, pluriseptate throughout, brown, thin-walled (≤ 0.5 µm), smooth or almost so to distinctly verruculose, apically penicillate. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, 10–30 µm long, subcylindrical, terminal conidiogenous cells often slightly enlarged at the tip, with (1–)2–3(–4) terminal or subterminal subdenticulate conidiogenous loci, short conically truncate, 1–2 µm diam, unthickened or almost so, but often slightly refractive or darkened-refractive, intercalary conidiogenous cells usually with a single lateral locus just below the upper septum, conidiogenous cells giving rise to a single set of primary ramoconidia, or a sequence of ramoconidia at different levels. Ramoconidia cylindrical to ellipsoid-fusoid, 8–18(–25) × 2–3 µm, aseptate, pale olivaceous, olivaceous-brown to brown, thin-walled, smooth or almost so to 19
Page 1: Studies in Mycology 58 (2007) The g
Page 4 and 5: Studies in Mycology The Studies in
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS P.W. Crous, U. Braun and J
Page 9 and 10: lectotype for the genus by Clements
Page 11: Schubert K (2005a). Morphotaxonomic
Page 14 and 15: Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
Page 16 and 17: Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
Page 18 and 19: Crous et al. 100 10 changes 65 100
Page 20 and 21: Crous et al. Treatment of phylogene
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Page 28 and 29: Crous et al. Fig. 7. Catenulostroma
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Page 70 and 71: Arzanlou et al. To date 26 species
Page 72 and 73: Arzanlou et al. Table 1. (Continued
Page 74 and 75: Arzanlou et al. 10 changes Athelia
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Arzanlou et al. Cultural characteri
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 10. A. Ramichl
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Arzanlou et al. Ramichloridium musa
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 20. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 22. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Rhinocladiella mack
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 26. Veronaea c
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 30. Myrmecridi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 32. Radulidium
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 34. Rhodoveron
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Arzanlou et al. even further, thoug
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available online at www.studiesinmy
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. 10 chan
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Fig. 3.
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. to intr
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Czechos
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Cladosporium herbarum species compl
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Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Crous et al. The aim of the present
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Crous et al. 10 changes Athelia epi
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates used
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Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Crous et al. 0.1 expected changes p
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Crous et al. Fig. 6. Cladophialopho
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Crous et al. Fig. 11. Cladophialoph
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Crous et al. Fig. 13. Cladophialoph
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Crous et al. Fig. 15. Exophiala sp.
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Crous et al. Fig. 18. Cylindrosympo
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Crous et al. Fig. 19. Fusicladium a
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Crous et al. Fig. 22. Fusicladium f
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Crous et al. Fig. 24. Fusicladium p
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Crous et al. Fusicladium rhodense C
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Crous et al. Excluded taxa Polyscyt
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Crous et al. the conidial tips are
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Cladophialophora carrionii complex
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Hormoconis resinae and morphologica
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Fig. 6 Hormoconis resinae and morph
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Cladophialophora, 52 k , 54 k -55,
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Fusicladium phillyreae, 189 c , 191
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Ramichloridium epichloës, 60, 89 P
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Trimmatostroma salicis, 3 t , 5, 6
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The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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