The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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Crous et al. Fig. 4. Toxicocladosporium irritans (type material). A–B, F. Microconidiophores. C–E. Macroconidiophores. G–H. Ramoconidia and conidia. Scale bars = 10 µm. aseptate, reduced to conidiogenous cells (rarely 1–2-septate, i.e., with 1–2 supporting cells), erect, doliiform to subcylindrical, with slight taper towards the apex, 10–30 × 2.5–4 µm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal or lateral, subcylindrical with slight taper towards apex, 7–12 × 3–4 µm; proliferating sympodially with 1–3 apical loci that can be slightly protruding and denticle-like, 1–1.5 µm wide, thickened, darkened and refractive. Conidia catenulate in branched or unbranched chains, medium to dark brown, thickwalled, with dark, thick septa, smooth to finely verruculose; ramoconidia (0–)1(–3)-septate, prominently constricted at septa, broadly ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 7–15 × 3–5 µm; conidia ellipsoid to ovoid, younger apical conidia pale to medium brown, 0(–1)- septate, (5–)6–8(–10) × (3–)4(–5) µm; hila protruding, 1–1.5 µm wide, thickened, darkened and refractive in ramoconidia, but less obvious in young conidia, where hila are 0.5–1 µm wide. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on PDA erumpent, spreading, with dense aerial mycelium and smooth, even margins; surface olivaceous-black (centre), olivaceous-grey in outer region; reverse olivaceous-black. Colonies reaching 35 mm diam after 1 mo at 25 °C in the dark; colonies fertile. 40
Cladosporium and morphologically similar genera Specimen examined: Suriname, Paramaribo, isolated from mouldy paint, Feb. 1958, M.B. Schol-Schwarz, holotype CBS-H 19892, culture ex-type CBS 185.58. Notes: Toxicocladosporium irritans produces ample amounts of volatile metabolites, which cause a skin rash within minutes of opening an inoculated dish for microscopic examination. Morphologically and phylogenetically it is very similar to Cladosporium s. str., and produces dimorphic conidiophores, which is also commonly observed in Cladosporium. It is distinct by having dark, thick-walled conidial and conidiophore septa, and lacking the typical coronate Cladosporium scar type (David 1997). Verrucocladosporium K. Schub., Aptroot & Crous, gen. nov. MycoBank MB504432. Etymology: Named after its frequently coarsely verrucose to warted hyphae, conidiophores and conidia, and cladosporium-like morphology. Differt a Cladosporio hyphis saepe verrucosis, hyalinis, conidiophoris cylindraceisfiliformibus, rectis, non vel vix geniculatis, non nodulosis, locis conidiogenis leviter incrassatis, distincte fuscatis-refractivis, sed non coronatis, conidiis saepe valde variantibus, saepe irregulariter formatis, grosse verrucosis-rugosis. Mycelium sparingly branched, hyphae septate, not constricted at septa, hyaline, almost smooth to irregularly rough-walled, coarsely verrucose to warted. Conidiophores arising laterally from creeping hyphae, erect, straight, or somewhat flexuous, narrowly cylindrical to filiform, neither geniculate nor nodulose, unbranched, septate, pale brown, thin-walled, smooth to often irregularly rough-walled or verrucose. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal or intercalary, cylindrical, polyblastic, with sympodial proliferation, with loci often crowded at the apex, truncate, barely to slightly thickened, but distinctly darkened-refractive. Ramoconidia cylindrical, aseptate, concolorous with conidiophores, thin-walled, irregularly roughwalled, coarsely verruculose to verrucose-rugose; hila unthickened but somewhat refractive. Conidia in long unbranched or loosely branched chains, obovoid, ellipsoid, fusiform to subcylindrical, with swollen and constricted parts, often appearing irregular in shape and outline, 0–1-septate, pale brown, thin-walled and irregularly rough-walled, verruculose-rugose; hila truncate, barely to slightly thickened, but distinctly darkened-refractive. Type species: Verrucocladosporium dirinae K. Schub., Aptroot & Crous, sp. nov. Verrucocladosporium dirinae K. Schub., Aptroot & Crous, sp. nov. MycoBank MB504433. Fig. 5. Etymology: Named after its host, Dirina massiliensis. Mycelium sparse ramosum. Hyphae 1–3 µm latae, septatae, non constrictae, hyalinae, leviae, vel irregulariter verruculosae, interdum verrucosae, tuberculatae, tenuitunicatae. Conidiophora ex hyphis repentibus lateraliter oriunda, erecta, recta, interdum leviter flexuosa, anguste cylindrica vel filiformes, non geniculta, non nodulosa, non ramosa, ad 85 µm longa, 2–3 µm lata, septata, tenuitunicata (≤ 0.75 µm), pallide brunnea, levia vel saepe irregulariter verrucosa, leviter crassitunicata. Cellulae conidiogenae integratae, saepe terminales, interdum intercalares, cylindricae, angustae, 9–20 µm longae, holoblasticae, sympodiales, locis conidiogenibus 1–3, saepe ad apicem aggregatis, interdum protuberantibus, truncatis, 1–1.8(–2) µm latis, incrassatis et fuscatis-refractivis. Ramoconidia cylindrica, 16–21 × (2–)2.5–3 µm, non septata, pallide brunnea, tenuitunicata, irregulariter verruculosa vel crosse verrucosa-rugosa, ad 4 hilis terminalibus, ad basim late truncata, non attenuata, 2–2.5 µm lata, non incrassata, sed leviter refractiva. Conidia catenata, in catenis longis, non ramosis vel laxe ramosis, plus minusve recta, obovoidea, ellipsoidea, fusiformes vel subcylindricae, sed saepe irregulares, 4–18(–23) × (2–)2.5–3.5 µm, 0–1-septata, ad septa interdum constricta, pallide brunnea, tenuitunicata (≤ 0.5 µm), irregulariter verruculosa-rugosa, utrinque leviter attenuata, hila truncata, (0.5–)0.8–1.5(–2) µm lata, vix vel leniter incrassata, sed distincte fuscata-refractiva. Mycelium sparingly branched; hyphae 1–3 µm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, hyaline, smooth to irregularly rough-walled, sometimes coarsely verrucose, with small to large drop-like, tuberculate warts, walls unthickened. Conidiophores arising laterally from creeping hyphae, erect, straight, sometimes slightly flexuous, narrowly cylindrical to filiform, not geniculate, non nodulose, unbranched, up to 85 µm long, 2–3 µm wide, septate, thin-walled (≤ 0.75 µm), pale brown, smooth to often irregularly rough-walled, verrucose, walls slightly thickened. Conidiogenous cells integrated, mostly terminal, sometimes also intercalary, cylindrical, narrow, 9–20 µm long, conidiogenesis holoblastic, proliferation sympodial, with a single or up to three conidiogenous loci, often crowded at the apex, sometimes situated on small lateral prolongations, loci truncate, 1–1.8(–2) µm wide, thickened and darkened-refractive. Ramoconidia cylindrical, 16–21 × (2–)2.5–3 µm, aseptate, concolorous with conidiophores, thin-walled, irregularly roughwalled, verruculose to coarsely verrucose-rugose, apically with up to 4 hila, with a broadly truncate, non-attenuated base, 2–2.5 µm wide, unthickened but somewhat refractive. Conidia catenate, in long unbranched or loosely branched chains, more or less straight, obovoid, ellipsoid, fusiform to subcylindrical, but often appearing to form band-like structures, with swollen and constricted parts, accordion or fir tree-like and also due to ornamentation often appearing irregular in shape and outline, 4–18(–23) × (2–)2.5– 3.5 µm, 0–1-septate, sometimes constricted at the more or less median septum, pale brown, thin-walled (≤ 0.5 µm), irregularly rough-walled, verruculose-rugose, somewhat attenuated towards apex and base, hila truncate, (0.5–)0.8–1.5(–2) µm wide, barely or slightly thickened, but distinctly darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed. Cultural characteristics: Colonies erumpent, spreading, with catenate, feathery margins and moderate aerial mycelium on PDA. Surface grey-olivaceous, reverse iron-grey. Colonies reaching 25 mm after 1 mo at 25 °C. Specimen examined: U.K., Somerset, Kingsbury Episcopi, isolated from the lichen Dirina massiliensis (Roccelaceae, Arthoniales), Mar. 2003, A. Aptroot, holotype CBS-H 19883, culture ex-type CBS 112794. Notes: Verrucocladosporium dirinae was deposited as Cladosporium arthoniae M. Christ. & D. Hawksw., but the name was misapplied. The latter species, described from apothecia of Arthonia impolita on Quercus from Sweden, does not possess clearly visible, distinct conidiogenous loci and hila, and therefore has to be excluded from the genus Cladosporium s. str. and is also easily distinguishable from the newly introduced species above. Furthermore the conidiophores are apically frequently branched and the catenate, ellipsoid conidia are smaller and wider, 6–10 × 4–5 µm (Hawksworth 1979). Due to the conidiogenesis and the structure of the conidiogenous loci and conidia, C. arthoniae is rather close to lichenicolous Taeniolella S. Hughes species. The unique feature of the new genus Verrucocladosporium is its unusual conidial and hyphal ornamentation. Furthermore, it differs from Cladosporium s. str. in having cylindrical-filiform conidiophores, which are neither geniculate nor nodulose, quite distinct, thickened and darkened, but non-coronate conidiogenous loci and often irregularly shaped conidia. Phylogenetially, it is also distinct as a sister taxon to Cladosporium s. str. Concerning differences to other cladosporioid genera, see “key to the genera”. Verrucocladosporium dirinae has been isolated from the lichen species Dirina massiliensis, i.e., this species is probably lichenicolous, although its ecology is not quite clear. Fruiting of this species in vivo has not yet been observed. A second unnamed, taeniolella-like, lichenicolous hyphomycete was also present on the thallus of this lichen. www.studiesinmycology.org 41
Page 1: Studies in Mycology 58 (2007) The g
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Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS P.W. Crous, U. Braun and J
Page 9 and 10: lectotype for the genus by Clements
Page 11: Schubert K (2005a). Morphotaxonomic
Page 14 and 15: Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
Page 16 and 17: Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Page 20 and 21: Crous et al. Treatment of phylogene
Page 22 and 23: Crous et al. Teratosphaeria bellula
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Page 28 and 29: Crous et al. Fig. 7. Catenulostroma
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Page 44 and 45: Crous et al. Gams W, Verkley GJM, C
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Page 50 and 51: Crous et al. Fig. 3. Rachicladospor
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Page 56 and 57: Crous et al. Fig. 7. Stenella aragu
Page 58 and 59: Crous et al. Helotiales, incertae s
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Page 70 and 71: Arzanlou et al. To date 26 species
Page 72 and 73: Arzanlou et al. Table 1. (Continued
Page 74 and 75: Arzanlou et al. 10 changes Athelia
Page 76 and 77: Arzanlou et al. Athelia epiphylla A
Page 78 and 79: Arzanlou et al. Fig. 3. Periconiell
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Page 84 and 85: Arzanlou et al. Ramichloridium musa
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 34. Rhodoveron
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Arzanlou et al. even further, thoug
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available online at www.studiesinmy
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. 10 chan
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Fig. 3.
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. to intr
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Czechos
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Cladosporium herbarum species compl
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Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Crous et al. The aim of the present
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Crous et al. 10 changes Athelia epi
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates used
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Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Crous et al. 0.1 expected changes p
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Crous et al. Fig. 6. Cladophialopho
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Crous et al. Fig. 11. Cladophialoph
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Crous et al. Fig. 13. Cladophialoph
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Crous et al. Fig. 15. Exophiala sp.
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Crous et al. Fig. 18. Cylindrosympo
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Crous et al. Fig. 19. Fusicladium a
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Crous et al. Fig. 22. Fusicladium f
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Crous et al. Fig. 24. Fusicladium p
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Crous et al. Fusicladium rhodense C
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Crous et al. Excluded taxa Polyscyt
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Crous et al. the conidial tips are
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Cladophialophora carrionii complex
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Hormoconis resinae and morphologica
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Fig. 6 Hormoconis resinae and morph
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Cladophialophora, 52 k , 54 k -55,
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Fusicladium phillyreae, 189 c , 191
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Ramichloridium epichloës, 60, 89 P
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Trimmatostroma salicis, 3 t , 5, 6
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