The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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Cladophialophora carrionii complex Table 3. Nucleotide variability of ITS1-2 ribosomal DNA regions of Cladophialophora carrionii (A – C) and C. yegresii (D). rDNA domains (length), with variable nucleotide positions. ITS1 (201-203) A B C D 16 C C C T 17 T C T T 19 T T T C 51 A A A G 57 A A A T 90-92 TG- TG- TG- CGT 101 T T T C 103 C C C T 104 G A G G 106 A A A G 114 T T T C 122 T T T C 132 C C C T 137 A A A C 141 C C C T 145 - - - A 163-170 6-10T 6-10T 6-10T TTGTATCT 180 - - - A 183 G G G A 190 T/A A A A 5.8S (158) Monomorphic ITS2 (178-182) A B C D 36 C T T T 48 T T G T 49 T T T C 51 - - - C 114 C C C G 140 A A A G 155 - - - T 178-179 -- -- -- CT with a total of 27 mutations. For multilocus analysis with ITS, EF1 and BT2 a smaller set of strains was compared. Sequences of the 205 bp long element of EF1 contained 32 phylogenetically informative mutations. Three entities were distinguished (I–III; Fig. 3). With BT2, three groups with the same composition were recognised. Strains of ITS group (C) were not available for study. On the basis of multilocus screening in BioNumerics, concordant groups (A)–(D) were tested with the Structure programme. When K was set at 4 or 5, consistent groupings were noted, indicated as I, II and III (Fig. 3), corresponding with ITS groups (A), (B) and (D), respectively in Table 1. The possibility that group (D) / (III) included a member of another, morphologically similar but phylogenetically unrelated group of fungi was excluded by SSU sequencing. Genera morphologically similar to Cladophialophora, such as Cladosporium Link, Devriesia Seifert www.studiesinmycology.org & N.L. Nick., Phaeoramularia Munt.-Cvetk., Pseudocladosporium U. Braun and Stenella Syd. proved to be remote (data not shown). With T-rex, interaction between groups (B) and (D) was noted, rather than between groups (B) and (A), despite the high sequence similarity of (A) and (B) (Fig. 4). Morphological observation revealed that representatives of ITS groups (A)–(C) generally had conidiophores that arise at right angles from creeping hyphae (Fig. 5), while those of (D) tend to be ascending, hyphae gradually becoming conidiophore-like. Since slight correspondence was found in independent markers and phenetic criteria, we considered group (D) to represent a separate species, which is described as follows. Cladophialophora yegresii de Hoog, sp. nov. MycoBank MB500208. Figs 6, 7D–F. Etymology: Named after Francisco Yegres, Venezuelean mycologist. Coloniae in agaro PDA dicto 22 °C planae, olivaceo-virides, pulverulentae vel velutinae, margine integra; reversum olivaceo-atrum. Hyphae fertiles dilute olivaceovirides, ascendentes, paulatim in catenas conidiorum concolorium vertentes. Conidiorum catenae ramosae, conidia dilute olivaceo-viridia, levia et tenuitunicata, 4.5–6 × 2.5 µm, faciliter liberata, cicatricibus modice pigmentatis. Chlamydosporae et cellulae zymosae absentes. Synanamorphe phialidica non visa. Teleomorphe ignota. Holotypus cultura sicca CBS H-18464 in herbarium CBS praeservatur. Colonies on PDA at 22 °C evenly olivaceous green, powdery to velvety, with entire margin; reverse olivaceous black. Fertile hyphae pale olivaceous green, ascending, gradually changing over into concolorous chains of conidia. Conidial system profusely branched. Conidia pale olivaceous green, smooth- and thin-walled, 4.5–6 × 2.5 µm, detached rather easily, with slightly pigmented scars. Chlamydospores and yeast cells absent. Phialidic synanamorph not observed. Teleomorph unknown. Specimen examined: Venezuela, Falcon state, from asymptomatic Stenocereus griseus cactus, G. Fernández-Zeppenfeldt, CBS H-18464 holotype, culture ex-type CBS 114405 = UNEFM SgSR3. Notes: Of the 48 dematiaceous isolates obtained from 36 fragments of the cactus Stenocereus griseus, four strains originating from four different plants of S. griseus presented morphological and physiological key characteristics of Cladophialophora carrionii or C. yegresii (de Hoog et al. 2000, 2006). Gelatin liquefaction was negative in all strains and the maximum growth temperature was 37 °C. After identification to species level using sequence data (de Hoog et al. 2006), both C. carrionii and C. yegresii appeared to be among the strains isolated. A total of 256 plants obtained at the end of 1 yr from germlings, had ribs, spines, and an average height of 15 cm. The 96 germlings inoculated with fungal suspensions of the test strains CBS 114402 (C. carrionii, clinical) and CBS 114405 (C. yegresii, environmental) remained without visible external lesions during the year of experimentation. Histological sections of the 96 inoculated plants consistently revealed internal growth of the fungi in their filamentous form. Muriform cells were not observed, neither on the epidermis, nor in the internal tissue, spines or roots. The reisolated cultures demonstrated the viability of the fungi during the entire experimental process: CBS 114402 (C. carrionii) was grown from 26 (54.16 %) of the plants and CBS 114405 (C. yegresii) in 23 (47.90 %) of the plants. The X 2 test did not reveal significant differences between the isolates (X 2 c = 0.0729 < X 2 t = 3.84). The 32 control plants remained without external lesions, and in the 227
De Hoog et al. Fig. 5. Microscopic morphology of C. carrionii, strain CBS 160.54. Conidiophore erect, i.e. mostly arising at 90° from creeping hypha (sketch). Scale bar = 10 µm. histological sections no internal or external fungal elements were observed. None of the fungi isolated from the control plants proved to be a species of Cladophialophora. With 96 plants with superficial application of spore suspension (48 plants for each isolate, either clinical or environmental) neither internal nor external lesions were observed. Histological sectioning did not reveal fungal elements in or on plant tissue. Short hyphal elements and meristematic cells were occasionally seen around and inside the outer layers of the spines. The re-isolated strains proved that the fungi survived during the entire experimental procedure: CBS 114402 (C. carrionii) was isolated from 32 (66.67 %) plants and CBS 114405 (C. yegresii) from 33 (68.75 %). The X 2 test did not detect significant differences in survival rates among the isolates (X 2 c = 0.4375 < X 2 t = 3.84). Mature plants inoculated using colonised toothpicks showed average scarring of 1.88 cm diam with C. carrionii and 1.33 cm diam with C. yegresii, around the point of inoculation. In histological sections of 100 plants, dark, septate hyphae with inflated elements were observed at the points of inoculation. Muriform cells were not observed. Re-isolated strains were evidence of isolate viability: 228
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Studies in Mycology 58 (2007) The g
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Studies in Mycology The Studies in
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CONTENTS P.W. Crous, U. Braun and J
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lectotype for the genus by Clements
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Schubert K (2005a). Morphotaxonomic
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
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Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Crous et al. 100 10 changes 65 100
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Crous et al. Treatment of phylogene
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Crous et al. Teratosphaeria bellula
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Crous et al. 6. Conidiophores short
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Crous et al. Habit plant pathogenic
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Crous et al. Fig. 7. Catenulostroma
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Crous et al. system, consisting of
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Crous et al. Fig. 9. Penidiella col
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Crous et al. Fig. 12. Penidiella ri
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Crous et al. conidiophores, about 1
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Crous et al. have conidiomata rangi
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Crous et al. Schizothyriaceae clade
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Crous et al. Fig. 21. Stigmidium sc
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Crous et al. Gams W, Verkley GJM, C
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
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Crous et al. 100 61 100 52 100 10 c
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Crous et al. Fig. 3. Rachicladospor
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Crous et al. Fig. 4. Toxicocladospo
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Crous et al. Fig. 5. Verrucocladosp
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Crous et al. Fig. 7. Stenella aragu
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Crous et al. Helotiales, incertae s
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Crous et al. Fig. 10. Ochrocladospo
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Crous et al. Fig. 12. Rhizocladospo
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Crous et al. 7. Conidiophores unbra
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Crous et al. 33. Terminal conidioge
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Crous et al. Crous PW, Kang JC, Bra
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Arzanlou et al. To date 26 species
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Arzanlou et al. Table 1. (Continued
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Arzanlou et al. 10 changes Athelia
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Arzanlou et al. Athelia epiphylla A
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 3. Periconiell
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Arzanlou et al. Cultural characteri
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 10. A. Ramichl
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Arzanlou et al. Ramichloridium musa
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 20. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 22. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Rhinocladiella mack
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 26. Veronaea c
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 30. Myrmecridi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 32. Radulidium
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 34. Rhodoveron
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Arzanlou et al. even further, thoug
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available online at www.studiesinmy
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. 10 chan
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Fig. 3.
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. to intr
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Czechos
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Cladosporium herbarum species compl
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Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Page 186 and 187: Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Page 216 and 217: Crous et al. Fig. 19. Fusicladium a
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Page 222 and 223: Crous et al. Fusicladium rhodense C
Page 224 and 225: Crous et al. Excluded taxa Polyscyt
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Page 230 and 231: Cladophialophora carrionii complex
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Page 246 and 247: Hormoconis resinae and morphologica
Page 252 and 253: Fig. 6 Hormoconis resinae and morph
Page 256 and 257: Cladophialophora, 52 k , 54 k -55,
Page 258 and 259: Fusicladium phillyreae, 189 c , 191
Page 260 and 261: Ramichloridium epichloës, 60, 89 P
Page 262: Trimmatostroma salicis, 3 t , 5, 6
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The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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