The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW
The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW
The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW
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Seifert et al.<br />
designated by the authors. <strong>The</strong> name Hormodendrum resinae is<br />
not otherwise needed because the mononematous synanamorph<br />
of the resin fungus is rarely referred to by a Latin binomial, <strong>and</strong><br />
because Sorocybe resinae is based on a different type. <strong>The</strong>refore,<br />
a new type specimen could be proposed <strong>and</strong> conserved for<br />
Hormodendrum resinae Lindau, preferably the holotype of A.<br />
resinae (MELU 7130). This would make the anamorph-teleomorph<br />
connection unequivocal, maintain current species epithets <strong>and</strong><br />
taxonomic authorities, <strong>and</strong> ensure that most of the historical<br />
literature can be interpreted easily without the need to consult<br />
complicated nomenclators (Table 1). However, by perpetuating the<br />
use of the epithet “resinae”, this change would also perpetuate the<br />
misunderst<strong>and</strong>ing that resin is a possible substrate for the creosote<br />
fungus. In any case, the use of this epithet for the teleomorph of<br />
the creosote fungus, Amorphotheca resinae, is legitimate <strong>and</strong> valid,<br />
<strong>and</strong> unlikely ever to be changed.<br />
A third option would be an intermediate one. <strong>The</strong> application<br />
of the name <strong>Cladosporium</strong> avellaneum G.A. de Vries has never<br />
been in doubt, <strong>and</strong> it would be possible to conserve this species as<br />
the type of Hormoconis. This has the advantage of maintaining the<br />
familiar generic name Hormoconis, in combination with a species<br />
epithet that has been consistently applied. Furthermore, this solution<br />
would allow the confusion about the application <strong>and</strong> correct author<br />
citation around the epithet “resinae” for the anamorph of creosote<br />
fungus to recede.<br />
<strong>The</strong> second <strong>and</strong> third solutions require formal taxonomic<br />
proposals to be published in Taxon. We will argue the merits of<br />
these possible solutions at more length in that venue.<br />
<strong>The</strong> phylogenetic position of A. resinae raises additional<br />
taxonomic problems. This fungus typifies the monotypic family<br />
Amorphothecaceae, which has been considered incertae<br />
sedis since its description by Parbery (1969). Our phylogenetic<br />
analysis suggests that this family sits within the Myxotrichaceae.<br />
Amorphothecaceae (1969) is the older name, but Myxotrichaceae<br />
(1985) is well-entrenched in the mycological literature. As a<br />
consequence, the Myxotrichaceae are paraphyletic with respect<br />
to the Amorphothecaceae. <strong>The</strong> peridium of A. resinae, the only<br />
species presently placed in this family, lacks the thick-walled<br />
appendages that characterise most species of the Myxotrichaceae.<br />
Furthermore, the acropetal-blastic features of the anamorph of<br />
A. resinae differ from the thallic-arthric conidiogenesis of the<br />
other anamorphs associated with the Myxotrichaceae, principally<br />
Oidiodendron. <strong>The</strong>se morphological differences explain why the<br />
affinity of A. resinae with the Myxotrichaceae was not noted before.<br />
A formal proposal to conserve Myxotrichaceae as the name for this<br />
family might be prudent eventually, but this should await analysis of<br />
additional genes to confirm the phylogenetic relationship.<br />
Whether <strong>Cladosporium</strong> breviramosum, originally isolated from<br />
discoloured wallpaper, is actually a distinct species from A. resinae<br />
requires further study. It is clear that this species, if it is distinct,<br />
would be a member of Hormoconis rather than <strong>Cladosporium</strong>. Apart<br />
from the study of additional specimens, it might be fruitful to attempt<br />
to induce an Amorphotheca-like teleomorph in the two available<br />
cultures of C. breviramosum, <strong>and</strong> to compare the morphology with<br />
that of A. resinae. According to Parbery (1969), A. resinae includes<br />
both homothallic <strong>and</strong> heterothallic strains.<br />
Unfortunately, the phylogenetic affinities of Seifertia azaleae<br />
were not established with certainty in this study. Its closest relative<br />
in the LSU analysis is a sequence identified as Mycosphaerella<br />
mycopappi Funk & Dorworth (U43480, based on the apparent<br />
type culture ATCC 64711), but this sequence does not cluster<br />
with others representing the family Mycosphaerellaceae (data not<br />
shown). Similarly, the ITS sequences of the rhododendron fungus<br />
did not cluster with the many ITS sequences of Mycosphaerella<br />
available. Presently, it seems that Seifertia azaleae fungus is allied<br />
with the Dothideomycetes, but its precise affinities are uncertain. It<br />
is clear that this fungus should not be classified in Pycnostysanus<br />
(a taxonomic synonym of Sorocybe), <strong>and</strong> continued recognition of<br />
the monotypic <strong>genus</strong> Seifertia seems justified.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
We are grateful to Sarah Hambleton <strong>and</strong> Marie Davey for providing ITS alignments<br />
that served as the basis for analyses in this paper. Walter Gams <strong>and</strong> Scott Redhead<br />
provided expert nomenclatural advice <strong>and</strong> helpful reviews of this manuscript.<br />
We thank Uwe Braun for proposing the third option for resolving the name of the<br />
creosote fungus, outlined in the text. <strong>The</strong> Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures<br />
(DAOM) provided several of the strains for this study. <strong>The</strong> curators of DAOM <strong>and</strong> B<br />
kindly provided access to critical type specimens.<br />
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