The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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Cladophialophora carrionii complex 0.1 99 CBS102227 CBS83496 92 94 85 CBS25983 CBS45482 100 CBS117901 CBS117891 CBS117906 CBS117892 CBS114403 CBS117899 CBS114392 CBS114393 CBS41096 CBS117903 CBS114395 CBS114398 CBS114404 CBS117900 CBS117909 dH16363 CBS114399 CBS117905 CBS16654 CBS114396 CBS117904 CBS114402 CBS114397 CBS85796 CBS114394 CBS86396 CBS86196 CBS16354 CBS117896 CBS85896 CBS36270 CBS26083 CBS40696 CBS100434 CBS16054 CBS114407 CBS114405 CBS114406 dH14614 K=5 K=4 Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela unknown Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela unknown Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Australia Venezuela Venezuela Mozambique Uganda Australia Madagascar Australia Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela I II III Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree (Neighbour-joining) of the C. carrionii complex based on EF1 (with grouping I–III) using the same strains of Fig. 1, generated using the HKY+G model. The model was calculated using ML in MrAic software. Bootstrap cut-off = 80 %. CBS 834.96 was taken as outgroup. Columns were generated with Structure software hypothesising K = 4 and K = 5, and alleles independent. Geographical origins in black refer to isolates from humans (chromoblastomycosis); origins in green refer to isolates from plant material. inoculation, and from the thorns directly adjacent to this area. Samples were rinsed with 4 % sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, and subsequently washed in sterile distilled water for re-isolations, and for histological study by means of light microscopy (Fernández- Zeppenfeldt et al. 1994). Experiments with spines of S. griseus Ninety cactus spines of 2.5 cm av. length were collected from a single S. griseus plant located near the home of the patient infected with CBS 114402, at approx. 2.5 m height, superficially sterilised, and divided into three groups, of which 30 spines were inoculated with CBS 114402 (C. carrionii), 30 with CBS 114405 (Cladophialophora sp.) and 30 to be used as control, inoculated with a saline solution (Fig. 1D). A similar series composed of 90 spines of 1.5 cm average length was collected at approx. 1 m height. All spines were incubated in sterile Petri dishes with filter paper (Whatman #1) with 2 mL saline solution; subsequently 0.1 mL fungal suspension was applied. Twenty spines were analysed weekly by means of longitudinal sectioning with a hand-held microtome, cultured as above and observed microscopically until day 75 post incubation. www.studiesinmycology.org 225
De Hoog et al. ROOT CBS114398 CBS117892 CBS16654 CBS86196 CBS41096 CBS114404 CBS114395 CBS114392 CBS85796 CBS117903 CBS117899 CBS117909 CBS114403 CBS114399 5 CBS114397 CBS85896 CBS114402 CBS114396 CBS117896 CBS117904 dH16363 CBS16354 CBS86396 CBS117906 CBS117900 CBS117891 CBS117905 CBS114394 CBS117901 CBS114393 CBS40696 CBS16054 CBS100434 CBS36270 1 7 4 6 3 2 9 10 8 CBS26083 A B CBS114406 CBS114405 CBS114407 A Unknown Australia Australia Australia Madagascar Mozambique D Uganda C. carrionii C. yegresii Fig. 4. Reticulogram of South American strains of Cladophialophora species and strains from other continents (mentioned) constructed with T-rex software. ITS rDNA (with grouping A, B, D) was used as species tree and compared with the ß-tubulin gene tree. First 10 reticulations are shown with numbers. Statistics Survival of the cactus seedlings and collected plants following inoculation were evaluated using the X 2 -test (P = 0.05 was considered significant). Stem lesions resulting from inoculations were analysed with Student’s T-test (P = 0.01 was considered significant). RESULTS The rDNA ITS region was sequenced for 43 strains identified as C. carrionii based on morphology. Sequences of 16 additional strains were downloaded from GenBank. Five distantly related, unidentified cladophialophora-like species were added, with CBS 834.96 as outgroup. In C. carrionii, 203 positions were compared in ITS1, 158 in the 5.8S rRNA gene and 182 in ITS2 (Table 3). The sequences could be aligned with confidence over their entire lengths. Over the data set, 35 positions were polymorphic, of which 33 were phylogenetically informative (Table 3), the two remaining being variable T-repeats near the ends of ITS1 and 2. For ITS sequences the AICc selected the TrN+G model (TrNG; Tamura & Nei 1993). The base frequency of ITS: T = 0.2467, C = 0.2897, A = 0.2247, G = 0.2390, TC = 0.5364, AG = 0.4636. The EF1 tree was built with substitution model HKY+G; the base frequency of EF1: T = 0.2990, C = 0.2665, A = 0.2123, G = 0.2221, TC = 0.5655, AG = 0.4345. The best model for BT2 sequences was the SYM+I+G (symmetrical model). The base frequency for BT2: T = 0.2255, C = 0.2953, A = 0.2463, G = 0.2328, TC = 0.5208, AG = 0.4792. Bootstrap values of the EF1 tree were calculated with PAUP using parsimony and with maxtrees set to 500 and 500 replicates (data not shown). Total number of characters was 191 of which 101 were parsimony-informative. Tree length was 365 and had the following indices: Consistency Index = 0.685, Retention Index = 0.542 and Homoplasy Index = 0.315. The original tree length, L o was 1 055, the tree length of the combined data, L c was 1 062. The resulting incongruence length difference L = (L c –L o ) was 7 (P = 0.24). The observed ILD was not significantly greater than expected by chance and it was concluded that the sequences were congruent and could be used together in a combined analyses. Split decomposition based on the same alignment generated extensive recombination. The structure found with three loci was robust, with the exception of separation of CBS 834.96 and CBS 102227 with EF1 (Fig. 2). The core of the network, comprising the strains listed in Table 1, was analysed in more detail. With ITS, four groups were recognised (A–D; Table 1). (A) was the main group with 36 strains / sequences; FMC 248 differed only by a small T-repeat and was regarded as a member of (A). The remaining groups were smaller, differing from group (A) maximally by two consistent positions (Table 3). Group (C) mainly comprised sequences from GenBank and all originated from Abliz et al. (2004). One of the strains of group (C), IFM 4808, concerned a subculture of CBS 160.54, which is an original isolate of Trejos (1954) representing C. carrionii. Re-sequencing indicated that it was a member of group (B). Analysis of our electropherograms of this isolate was not suggestive of heterothallism. None of the positions characterising groups (A)–(C) were also found to differ in group (D), which deviated in 16 mutations in ITS1 and 8 in ITS2; 17 of the mutations were transitions, 7 were transversions and 7 indels. Group (D) was clearly distinct from the complex of (A)–(C), 226
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Studies in Mycology 58 (2007) The g
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Studies in Mycology The Studies in
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CONTENTS P.W. Crous, U. Braun and J
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lectotype for the genus by Clements
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Schubert K (2005a). Morphotaxonomic
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
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Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Crous et al. 100 10 changes 65 100
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Crous et al. Treatment of phylogene
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Crous et al. Teratosphaeria bellula
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Crous et al. 6. Conidiophores short
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Crous et al. Habit plant pathogenic
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Crous et al. Fig. 7. Catenulostroma
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Crous et al. system, consisting of
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Crous et al. Fig. 9. Penidiella col
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Crous et al. Fig. 12. Penidiella ri
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Crous et al. conidiophores, about 1
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Crous et al. have conidiomata rangi
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Crous et al. Schizothyriaceae clade
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Crous et al. Fig. 21. Stigmidium sc
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Crous et al. Gams W, Verkley GJM, C
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
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Crous et al. 100 61 100 52 100 10 c
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Crous et al. Fig. 3. Rachicladospor
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Crous et al. Fig. 4. Toxicocladospo
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Crous et al. Fig. 5. Verrucocladosp
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Crous et al. Fig. 7. Stenella aragu
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Crous et al. Helotiales, incertae s
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Crous et al. Fig. 10. Ochrocladospo
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Crous et al. Fig. 12. Rhizocladospo
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Crous et al. 7. Conidiophores unbra
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Crous et al. 33. Terminal conidioge
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Crous et al. Crous PW, Kang JC, Bra
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Arzanlou et al. To date 26 species
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Arzanlou et al. Table 1. (Continued
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Arzanlou et al. 10 changes Athelia
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Arzanlou et al. Athelia epiphylla A
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 3. Periconiell
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Arzanlou et al. Cultural characteri
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 10. A. Ramichl
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Arzanlou et al. Ramichloridium musa
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 20. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 22. Rhinocladi
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Arzanlou et al. Rhinocladiella mack
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 26. Veronaea c
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 30. Myrmecridi
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 32. Radulidium
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Arzanlou et al. Fig. 34. Rhodoveron
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Arzanlou et al. even further, thoug
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available online at www.studiesinmy
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. 10 chan
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Fig. 3.
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. to intr
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Czechos
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Cladosporium herbarum species compl
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Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Page 184 and 185: Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Page 206 and 207: Crous et al. Fig. 6. Cladophialopho
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Page 212 and 213: Crous et al. Fig. 15. Exophiala sp.
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Page 216 and 217: Crous et al. Fig. 19. Fusicladium a
Page 218 and 219: Crous et al. Fig. 22. Fusicladium f
Page 220 and 221: Crous et al. Fig. 24. Fusicladium p
Page 222 and 223: Crous et al. Fusicladium rhodense C
Page 224 and 225: Crous et al. Excluded taxa Polyscyt
Page 226 and 227: Crous et al. the conidial tips are
Page 228 and 229: available online at www.studiesinmy
Page 230 and 231: Cladophialophora carrionii complex
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Page 246 and 247: Hormoconis resinae and morphologica
Page 252 and 253: Fig. 6 Hormoconis resinae and morph
Page 256 and 257: Cladophialophora, 52 k , 54 k -55,
Page 258 and 259: Fusicladium phillyreae, 189 c , 191
Page 260 and 261: Ramichloridium epichloës, 60, 89 P
Page 262: Trimmatostroma salicis, 3 t , 5, 6
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The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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