The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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Crous et al. Fig. 12. Rhizocladosporium argillaceum (type material). A–E. Conidiophores with pigmented ramoconidia and hyaline conidia. F. Rhizoids forming at the foot cells of macroconidiophores. Scale bar = 10 µm. Incertae sedis Rhizocladosporium Crous & U. Braun, gen. nov. MycoBank MB504440. Etymology: Named after the presence of rhizoids on its conidiophores, and cladosporium-like conidia. Differt a Cladosporio et generis cladosporioidibus diversis hyphis hyalinis, conidiophoris cum cellulis basalibus lobatis vel rhizoidibus, cellulis conidiogenis monoblasticis, determinatis, locis margine leviter incrassatis et fuscatis, non refractivis, non coronatis, ramoconidiis brunneis sed conidiis hyalinis, hilis non incrassatis, non fuscatis-refractivis. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, smooth, hyaline hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, macronematous, subcylindrical, erect, arising from superficial mycelium, septate, pigmented, smooth; base somewhat inflated, lobed or with rhizoids. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic, determinate, subcylindrical, tapering towards a single flat-tipped locus, straight to once geniculate, occasionally with two loci, pigmented, smooth; locus flattened, undifferentiated to somewhat darkened and thickened along the rim, not refractive, giving rise to a single conidial chain or a single ramoconidium with several simple acropetal chains of secondary ramoconidia or conidia. Conidia occurring in branched chains; ramoconidia subcylindrical to narrowly ellipsoidal, straight to geniculate-sinuous, with apical and lateral conidial hila; ramoconidia with broadly truncate base medium brown; secondary ramoconidia with narrowed base subhyaline or hyaline, smooth; conidia aseptate, in chains, hyaline, guttulate, ellipsoidal with obtuse ends; hila inconspicuous, neither darkened nor refractive or thickened. Type species: Rhizocladosporium argillaceum (Minoura) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov. Rhizocladosporium argillaceum (Minoura) Crous & U. Braun, comb. nov. MycoBank MB504441. Fig. 12. Basionym: Cladosporium argillaceum Minoura, J. Ferment. Technol. 44: 140. 1966. Mycelium consisting of branched, septate, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, 1.5–2 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, macronematous, erect, arising from superficial mycelium; base somewhat inflated, lobed or with rhizoids, up to 10 µm wide; conidiophore stipe subcylindrical, straight to curved, rarely geniculate-sinuous, wall up to 1 µm wide, medium brown, sometimes paler towards the tip, smooth, 1–6-septate, 35–160 50
Cladosporium and morphologically similar genera µm tall, 4–6 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells terminal, straight, subcylindrical, tapering towards a flat-tipped locus, occasionally once geniculate, with two loci, medium brown, smooth, 15–35 × 4–6 µm; locus flattened, undifferentiated or very slightly darkened and thickened along the rim, not refractive, 1.5–2 µm wide. Conidia occurring in branched chains. Ramoconidia subcylindrical to narrowly ellipsoidal, straight to geniculate-sinuous, 17–35 × 4–5 µm, medium brown, smooth, thin-walled, frequently branching laterally, with apical and lateral subdenticulate conidial hila, 1.5–2.5 µm wide; secondary ramoconidia hyaline or subhyaline. Conidia aseptate, (10–)12–17(–20) × (3.5–)4(–4.5) µm, in branched chains (–6), hyaline or subhyaline, guttulate, ellipsoidal-fusiform, with obtuse ends, or tapering to obconically subtruncate ends with hila that are inconspicuous (neither darkened nor refractive or thickened), 0.5–1 µm wide. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on PDA spreading, erumpent, with smooth, even margins and sparse to moderate aerial mycelium; hazel to fawn (surface); reverse hazel to fawn. Colonies reaching 35 mm diam after 1 mo at 25 °C in the dark; colonies fertile. Specimen examined: Japan, Yoku Island, isolated from decayed myxomycete, 21 Oct. 1961, K. Tubaki No. 4262 holotype, culture ex-type CBS 241.67 = IFO 7055. Notes: The lobed-rhizoid conidiophore base, and brown, disarticulating ramoconidia, with hyaline chains of conidia, are characteristic of Rhizocladosporium. Although Minoura (1966) illustrated some conidiophores that were micronematous (reduced to conidiogenous cells on superficial mycelium), these were not observed in the present study. Metulocladosporiella Crous, Schroers, J.Z. Groenew., U. Braun & K. Schub. (Crous et al. 2006a) (Herpotrichiellaceae), comprising two banana leaf-spotting pathogens, is another cladosporioid hyphomycete genus having distinct rhizoid hyphae at the swollen base of conidiophores. It differs, however, in having conidiophores terminally branched in a metula-like manner and distinct conidiogenous loci and conidial hila. Pleurotheciopsis B. Sutton (Ellis 1976) is also characterised by having pigmented conidiophores and hyaline or pale, septate conidia formed in acropetal chains, but the conidiophores proliferate percurrently, the conidiogenous cells are polyblastic and ramoconidia are lacking, i.e., the conidia are formed in unbranched chains. Parapleurotheciopsis P.M. Kirk (Kirk 1982) is very similar to Rhizocladosporium. The conidiophores possess a single terminal unilocal conidiogenous cell giving rise to a single ramoconidium which forms several chains of acropetal, aseptate, hyaline to pale olivaceous conidia. The base of the conidiophores is somewhat swollen and lobed [except for Parapleurotheciopsis coccolobae R.F. Castañeda & B. Kendr., Castañeda & Kendrick (1990), with at most slightly swollen, but unlobed base]. However, R. argillaceum occasionally has once-geniculate conidiogenous cells with two loci. Furthermore, it clusters in the Helotiales (Fig. 1), whereas a sequenced strain of Parapleurotheciopsis inaequiseptata (MUCL 41089), belongs to the Xylariales (Fig. 2). The occasionally occurring conidiogenous cells with two loci and the aseptate conidia connect Rhizocladosporium with Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao (Varghese & Rao 1979, Kirk 1982) in which, however, terminal ramoconidia are lacking. Furthermore, the type species, S. fusisaprophyticus (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk, frequently has branched conidiophores. Subramaniomyces simplex U. Braun & C.F. Hill (Braun & Hill 2002), a species with unbranched conidiophores is, however, morphologically similar to R. argillaceum, but the genus Subramaniomyces is phylogenetically distinct and also belongs to the Xylariales (CBS 418.95, Fig. 2). Key to Cladosporium and morphologically similar genera (bearing simple or branched acropetal chains of amero- to phragmosporous blastoconidia) 1. Conidiophores and conidia hyaline............................................................................................................................................................. 2 1. At least conidiophores pigmented .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Conidia in simple chains ........................................................................................................................................................... Hormiactis 2. Conidia in branched chains ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Conidiogenous cells sympodial, with distinct conidiogenous loci (scars), thickened and darkened; conidia amero- to phragmosporous; plant pathogenic, leaf-spotting fungi (Mycosphaerella anamorphs; Mycosphaerellaceae) ......................................................... Ramularia 3. Terminal conidiogenous cells with denticle-like loci, giving rise to ramoconidia which form simple or branched conidial chains; lignicolous ........................................................................................................................................................................... Hyalodendron [Conidiophores dimorphic; mycelium, conidiophores and conidia at first hyaline, later turning pale brown; conidia in short chains, see Hyalodendriella] 4(1). Conidia distoseptate, in simple chains .............................................................................................................................................. Lylea 4. Conidia aseptate or euseptate ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Conidiophores little differentiated, micronematous to semimacronematous; conidiogenous loci undifferentiated, truncate, neither distinctly thickened nor darkened or only very slightly so .......................................................................................................................... 6 5. Conidiophores well-differentiated, semimacronematous (but multilocal and/or conidiogenous loci well-differentiated) to macronematous ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 6. Conidiophores and conidia delicate, thin-walled, in long, easily disarticulating chains .............................................................................. 7 6. Conidiophores and conidia robust, wall thickened, dark, conidial chains often seceding with difficulty .................................................... 9 7. Conidiophores semimacronematous, simple to often irregularly branched; conidia delicate, narrow, 1–3 µm wide, hyaline to pale olivaceous ............................................................................................................................................................................ Polyscytalum www.studiesinmycology.org 51
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Studies in Mycology 58 (2007) The g
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Studies in Mycology The Studies in
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CONTENTS P.W. Crous, U. Braun and J
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lectotype for the genus by Clements
Page 11: Schubert K (2005a). Morphotaxonomic
Page 14 and 15: Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates for
Page 16 and 17: Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Page 20 and 21: Crous et al. Treatment of phylogene
Page 22 and 23: Crous et al. Teratosphaeria bellula
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Page 28 and 29: Crous et al. Fig. 7. Catenulostroma
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Page 44 and 45: Crous et al. Gams W, Verkley GJM, C
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Page 70 and 71: Arzanlou et al. To date 26 species
Page 72 and 73: Arzanlou et al. Table 1. (Continued
Page 74 and 75: Arzanlou et al. 10 changes Athelia
Page 76 and 77: Arzanlou et al. Athelia epiphylla A
Page 78 and 79: Arzanlou et al. Fig. 3. Periconiell
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Page 84 and 85: Arzanlou et al. Ramichloridium musa
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Page 92 and 93: Arzanlou et al. Rhinocladiella mack
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Page 106 and 107: available online at www.studiesinmy
Page 108 and 109: Dichocladosporium gen. nov. 10 chan
Page 110 and 111: Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Fig. 3.
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. to intr
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Dichocladosporium gen. nov. Czechos
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available online at www.studiesinmy
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Cladosporium herbarum species compl
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Cladosporium sphaerospermum species
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Crous et al. The aim of the present
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Crous et al. 10 changes Athelia epi
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Crous et al. Table 1. Isolates used
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Crous et al. Table 1. (Continued).
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Crous et al. 0.1 expected changes p
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Crous et al. Fig. 6. Cladophialopho
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Crous et al. Fig. 11. Cladophialoph
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Crous et al. Fig. 13. Cladophialoph
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Crous et al. Fig. 15. Exophiala sp.
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Crous et al. Fig. 18. Cylindrosympo
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Crous et al. Fig. 19. Fusicladium a
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Crous et al. Fig. 22. Fusicladium f
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Crous et al. Fig. 24. Fusicladium p
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Crous et al. Fusicladium rhodense C
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Crous et al. Excluded taxa Polyscyt
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Crous et al. the conidial tips are
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Cladophialophora carrionii complex
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Hormoconis resinae and morphologica
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Fig. 6 Hormoconis resinae and morph
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Cladophialophora, 52 k , 54 k -55,
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Fusicladium phillyreae, 189 c , 191
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Ramichloridium epichloës, 60, 89 P
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Trimmatostroma salicis, 3 t , 5, 6
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The genus Cladosporium and similar dematiaceous ... - CBS - KNAW

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