Human Development Report 2013 - UNDP

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Readers guideThe 14 statistical tables provide an overview of key aspects ofhuman development. The tables include composite indices estimatedby the Human Development Report Office (HDRO)using data available to the HDRO on 15 October 2012. Allindicators, along with the technical notes on the calculation ofcomposite indicators and additional sources of information, areavailable online at http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics.Countries and territories are ranked by their 2012 HDI value.Robustness and reliability analysis has shown that for mostcountries the HDI is not statistically significant at the third decimalplace (see Aguna and Kovacevic 2011 and Høyland, Moeneand Willumsen 2011). For this reason countries with the sameHDI value at the third decimal place are listed with tied ranks.Sources and definitionsThe HDRO uses data from international data agencies withthe mandate, resources and expertise to collect national dataon specific indicators, unless otherwise noted.Definitions of indicators and sources for original data componentsare given at the end of each table, with full sourcedetails in Statistical references.Comparisons over time and across editionsof the ReportBecause national and international data agencies continuallyimprove their data series, the data— including the HDI valuesand ranks— presented in this Report are not comparable tothose published in earlier editions. For the HDI, trends usingconsistent data calculated at five-year intervals for 1980–2012are presented in table 2.Discrepancies between national andinternational estimatesNational and international data estimates can vary becauseinternational agencies harmonize national data for comparabilityacross countries, produce an estimate of missing data or donot incorporate the most recent national data. When HDRObecomes aware of discrepancies, these are brought to the attentionof national and international data authorities.Country groupings and aggregatesSeveral weighted aggregates are presented in the tables. In general,an aggregate is shown only when data are available for atleast half the countries and represent at least two-thirds of theavailable population in that classification. Aggregates for eachclassification represent only the countries for which data areavailable.Human development classificationHDI classifications are relative—based on quartiles of HDIdistribution across the 187 countries denoted as very high,high, medium (each with 47 countries) and low (with 46countries).Regional groupingsRegional groupings are based on United Nations DevelopmentProgramme regional classification. Least Developed Countriesand Small Island Developing States are defined according toUN classifications. The composition of each region is presentedin Regions.Country notesData for China do not include Hong Kong Special AdministrativeRegion of China, Macao Special AdministrativeRegion of China or Taiwan Province of China, unless otherwisenoted. Data for Sudan include South Sudan unlessotherwise noted.SymbolsA dash between two years, as in 2005–2012, indicates that thedata are the most recent year available in the period specified. Aslash between years, as in 2005/2012, indicates average for theperiod defined. Growth rates are usually average annual ratesof growth between the first and last years of the period shown.The following symbols are used in the tables:.. Not available0 or 0.0 Nil or negligible— Not applicable140 | Human Development Report 2013
Statistical acknowledgementsThe Report’s composite indices and other statistical resourcesdraw on a wide variety of the most respected internationaldata providers in their specialized fields. We are particularlygrateful to the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centerof the US Department of Energy; Centre for Research on theEpidemiology of Disasters; Eurostat; Food and AgriculturalOrganization; Gallup; ICF Macro; International EnergyAgency; International Labour Organization; InternationalMonetary Fund; International Telecommunication Union;International Union for Conservation of Nature; Inter-ParliamentaryUnion; Luxembourg Income Study; Organisation forEconomic Co-operation and Development; Stockholm InternationalPeace Research Institute; United Nations Children’sFund; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development;United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs;United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America andthe Caribbean; United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization Institute for Statistics; United NationsOffice on Drug and Crime; United Nations World TourismOrganization; World Bank; World Health Organization; andWorld Intellectual Property Organization. The internationaleducational database maintained by Robert Barro (HarvardUniversity) and Jong-Wha Lee (Korea University) is anotherinvaluable source for the calculation of the Report’s indices.Statistical tablesThe first five tables contain the composite human developmentindices and their components; the remaining nine tables presenta broader set of indicators related to human development.Four composite human development indices—the HumanDevelopment Index (HDI), the Inequality-adjusted HumanDevelopment Index (IHDI), the Gender Inequality Index(GII) and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)—havebeen presented since the 2010 Human Development Report.The GII and the MPI remain experimental indices.HDI values along with values of the four component indicatorson life expectancy, educational attainment and incomeare presented in table 1. Countries are ranked according toHDI value. The difference between rank by gross nationalincome and HDI indicates whether a country is efficientlyusing its income for advancement in the two nonincome HDIdimensions. The nonincome HDI is calculated to provide anadditional means of cross- country comparison and to ordercountries by achievements in the nonincome dimensions.A time series of HDI values based on data available in 2012,thus using the most recent revision of historical data andmethodology, is presented in table 2. It is the only means forcomparing HDI values for 2012 with those for past years. Thechange in HDI rank over the last five years and between 2011and 2012 as well as the average annual HDI growth rate acrossfour time periods allow for easy assessment of the direction andspeed of HDI changes.Table 3 presents the IHDI, which goes beyond a country’saverage achievements in health, education and income toshow how the achievements are distributed among residentsby discounting the value of each dimension according to itslevel of inequality. The IHDI can be interpreted as the actuallevel of human development (accounting for inequality), whilethe HDI is the potential human development that could beobtained if achievements were distributed equally among residents.The difference between the HDI and IHDI, expressed asa percentage, defines the loss in potential human developmentdue to inequality. The difference in ranking by the HDI andthe IHDI indicates that taking inequality into account wouldeither lower a country’s rank (negative value) or improve it(positive).Table 4 presents the Gender Inequality Index, an experimentalcomposite measure of inequality in achievement betweenwomen and men in three dimensions: reproductive health,empowerment and the labour market. The GII is designed toprovide empirical foundations for policy analysis and advocacyefforts. A high value indicates high inequality between womenand men.The Multidimensional Poverty Index, an experimental measuredesigned to capture the overlapping deprivations that peopleface in education, health and living standards, is presented intable 5. The MPI gives both the incidence of nonincome multidimensionalpoverty (a headcount of those in multidimensionalpoverty) and its intensity (the relative number of deprivationspeople experience at the same time). The contributions of deprivationsin each dimension to overall poverty are included toprovide a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty.Countries are presented alphabetically in two groups accordingto the year of the survey used to estimate the MPI.Table 6 combines macroeconomic indicators such as grossdomestic product (GDP), gross fixed capital formation and theconsumer price index with public spending indicators. Duringeconomic uncertainty or recession, gross fixed capital formationtypically declines. The consumer price index is presented asa measure of inflation. Indicators of public spending are givenfor two points in time to allow for analysis of change in spending.These indicators can be used to examine priorities in publicspending and the pattern of expenditure and how it relates tohuman development outcomes.Several indicators on the health of children, youth and adultsas well as two indicators of health care quality are presentedReaders guide | 141
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WNSEHuman DevelopmentReport 2013The
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Human Development Report 2013The Ri
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Human Development Report 2013 TeamD
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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OverviewOne of the most heartening
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and sustainability are fully incorp
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Without investment in people, retur
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opportunity to reap the full benefi
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Woods institutions, the United Nati
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IntroductionWhen developed economie
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leading economies—Brazil, China a
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comparable access to information, e
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mobile phones: cellular banking is
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“The political problem ofmankind
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BOX 1.1Fairness, macroeconomics and
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BOX 1.3Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
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FIGURE 1.1Income per capita is risi
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BOX 1.4Subjective indicators of wel
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FIGURE 1.4There is notable variatio
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FIGURE 1.6Most regions show declini
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Progress in humandevelopment achiev
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BOX 1.7Social competencies: human d
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TABLE 1.3Inequality and satisfactio
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Not all countries havethe precondit
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“When the music changes,so does t
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BOX 2.1The South’s integration wi
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FIGURE 2.1As a share of world merch
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BOX 2.2Acquisitions by the South of
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FIGURE 2.3Between 2000 and 2010, In
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FIGURE 2.4Export earnings per capit
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BOX 2.6Final assembly is about more
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Instead of having a centreof indust
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FIGURE 2.6Emerging market economies
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Developing countriestrade more amon
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“We cannot expect thatall nations
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TABLE 3.1Selected developing countr
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A common featureof countries thatha
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More important thangetting prices r
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BOX 3.5Eastern Europe and Central A
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States have to beconscious that the
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As countries develop,they tend to d
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Having weathered theAsian financial
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Providing publicservices that contr
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Advancing health requiresmore than
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Universal public healthand educatio
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• China. The Minimum Livelihood G
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“Each generation will reap whatth
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concerns will make for a complex en
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Page 141 and 142: which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
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Statistical referencesADB (Asian De
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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