Human Development Report 2013 - UNDP

TABLE 1.1HDI and components, by region and HDI group, 2012Region and HDI groupRegionHDILife expectancyat birth (years)Mean yearsof schooling(years)Expected yearsof schooling(years)Gross nationalincomeper capita(2005 PPP $)Arab States 0.652 71.0 6.0 10.6 8,317East Asia and the Pacific 0.683 72.7 7.2 11.8 6,874Europe and Central Asia 0.771 71.5 10.4 13.7 12,243Latin America and the Caribbean 0.741 74.7 7.8 13.7 10,300South Asia 0.558 66.2 4.7 10.2 3,343Sub-Saharan Africa 0.475 54.9 4.7 9.3 2,010HDI groupVery high human development 0.905 80.1 11.5 16.3 33,391High human development 0.758 73.4 8.8 13.9 11,501Medium human development 0.640 69.9 6.3 11.4 5,428Low human development 0.466 59.1 4.2 8.5 1,633World 0.694 70.1 7.5 11.6 10,184Note: Data are weighted by population and calculated based on HDI values for 187 countries. PPP is purchasing power parity.Source: HDRO calculations. See statistical table 1 for detailed data sources.human well-being, is child survival. In 2010, theglobal under-five mortality rate was 55 deathsper 1,000 live births, though spread unevenlyacross HDI groups. Low HDI countries had thehighest rate (110 deaths per 1,000 live births),followed by medium HDI countries (42), highHDI countries (18) and very high HDI countries(6). Poor child health can permanentlydamage a child’s cognitive development andlater affect labour productivity as an adult.HDI comparisons are typically made betweencountries in the North and the South, and onthis basis the world is becoming less unequal.Nevertheless, national averages hide large variationsin human experience, and wide disparitiesremain within countries of both the North andthe South. The United States, for example, hadan HDI value of 0.94 in 2012, ranking it thirdglobally. The HDI value for residents of LatinAmerican origin was close to 0.75, while theHDI value for African-Americans was closeto 0.70 in 2010–2011. 15 But the average HDIvalue for an African-American in Louisiana was0.47. 16 Similar ethnic disparities in HDI achievementin very high HDI countries can be seen inthe Roma populations of southern Europe.The range in human development is alsowide in some developing countries. In Brazil,for example, the highest HDI value in 2000,the most recent year for which subnational dataare available, was in São Caetano do Sul in thestate of São Paulo (0.92), while the lowest wasin Manari in the state of Pernambuco (0.47).China has similar, if less marked, provincialvariations, with Shanghai at the top (0.91), andTibet at the bottom (0.63). 17Income and human developmentAnother essential component of human developmentand the HDI is command overresources, as measured by income per capita.Between 1990 and 2012, income per capitarose in all four HDI groups, though in varyingdegrees (figure 1.1). The highest average annualgrowth in income per capita was recorded inChina and Equatorial Guinea, both over 9%.Only 12 countries surpassed 4% growth, while19 saw income per capita fall.One of the most striking achievements hasbeen in Sub-Saharan Africa. From 2003 to2008—the five years preceding the globalHDI comparisons aretypically made betweencountries in the Northand the South, and onthis basis the world isbecoming less unequalChapter 1 The state of human development | 25