Human Development Report 2013 - UNDP

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table 12Innovation and technologyRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY ADOPTIONExpenditure(% ofGDP)Researchers(per millionpeople)Graduates inscience andengineering aPatents grantedto residents andnonresidentsRoyalty andlicence feesreceiptsElectrificationratePersonalcomputersInternet usersFixed broadbandInternetsubscriptions(% oftotal) (per million people) ($ per capita) (% of population) (per 100 people)Fixed and mobiletelephonesubscribersHDI rank 2005–2010 b 2002–2010 b 2002–2011 b 2005–2010 b 2005–2011 b 2009 2002–2009 b 2010 2010 2010118 Guyana .. .. 14.4 .. 62.2 .. 3.6 29.9 1.5 93.4119 Botswana 0.5 .. 13.0 .. 0.1 45.4 6.1 6.0 0.6 124.6120 Honduras .. .. 6.8 .. .. 70.3 2.5 11.1 1.0 133.9121 Indonesia 0.1 89.6 22.8 .. 0.3 64.5 2.0 9.9 0.8 107.5121 Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.1 9.0 0.9 14.1121 South Africa 0.9 395.6 .. 106.3 1.3 75.0 8.4 12.3 1.5 109.2124 Vanuatu .. .. .. .. 0.7 .. 1.4 8.0 0.2 121.0125 Kyrgyzstan 0.2 .. 15.2 20.4 0.3 .. 1.9 19.6 0.3 105.8125 Tajikistan 0.1 .. 26.0 0.4 0.1 .. 1.3 11.5 0.1 91.7127 Viet Nam .. 115.9 .. 9.4 .. 97.6 9.7 27.9 4.1 196.0128 Namibia .. .. 2.6 .. 0.0 34.0 23.2 6.5 0.4 73.9129 Nicaragua .. .. .. .. .. 72.1 4.1 10.0 0.8 69.6130 Morocco 0.6 661.0 34.9 25.3 0.2 97.0 5.7 49.0 1.6 111.8131 Iraq .. 49.5 29.4 .. 43.5 86.0 0.8 2.5 0.0 79.9132 Cape Verde .. 132.5 .. .. 0.0 .. 14.3 30.0 3.2 89.5133 Guatemala 0.1 39.4 16.8 7.2 1.0 80.5 2.1 10.5 1.8 136.0134 Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. 22.0 .. 0.2 0.0 53.7135 Ghana 0.2 17.3 16.7 .. .. 60.5 1.1 9.5 0.2 72.6136 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 6.0 0.2 59.0136 India 0.8 135.8 .. 5.1 0.1 75.0 3.2 7.5 0.9 64.3138 Cambodia .. 17.4 12.5 .. 0.0 24.0 0.4 1.3 0.3 60.2138 Lao People’s Democratic Republic .. 15.8 12.8 .. .. 55.0 1.7 7.0 0.2 66.2140 Bhutan .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 13.6 1.2 57.9141 Swaziland .. .. 2.7 .. 0.2 .. 4.1 9.0 0.1 73.6Low human development142 Congo .. .. .. .. .. 37.1 0.5 5.0 0.0 94.2143 Solomon Islands .. .. .. .. 0.0 .. 4.7 5.0 0.4 7.1144 Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 18.8 0.4 66.8145 Kenya 0.4 56.2 .. 0.5 1.3 16.1 1.4 25.9 0.0 62.6146 Bangladesh .. .. 10.6 0.6 0.0 41.0 2.5 3.7 0.0 46.8146 Pakistan 0.5 161.9 .. 1.0 0.0 62.4 0.5 16.8 0.3 59.1148 Angola .. .. 11.9 .. 0.7 26.2 0.7 10.0 0.1 48.3149 Myanmar .. 18.4 .. .. .. 13.0 1.0 .. 0.0 2.5150 Cameroon .. .. 21.0 .. 0.0 48.7 1.1 4.0 0.0 46.8151 Madagascar 0.1 46.2 18.2 2.7 0.1 19.0 0.6 1.7 0.0 37.9152 Tanzania, United Republic of 0.4 .. 21.1 .. 0.0 13.9 0.9 11.0 0.0 47.2153 Nigeria 0.2 38.6 .. .. .. 50.6 0.9 28.4 0.1 55.8154 Senegal 0.4 384.1 .. .. 0.1 42.0 2.3 16.0 0.6 69.9155 Mauritania .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.4 3.0 0.2 81.4156 Papua New Guinea .. .. .. 0.2 .. .. 6.4 1.3 0.1 29.6157 Nepal .. 58.7 23.2 0.0 .. 43.6 0.5 7.9 0.2 33.5158 Lesotho 0.0 21.3 .. .. .. 16.0 0.2 3.9 0.0 47.3159 Togo .. 38.2 .. .. 0.0 20.0 3.4 5.4 0.1 44.2160 Yemen .. .. .. .. 1.4 39.6 2.8 12.3 0.3 50.4161 Haiti .. .. .. .. .. 38.5 5.2 8.4 .. 40.5161 Uganda 0.4 .. 9.5 .. 0.8 9.0 1.7 12.5 0.2 39.4163 Zambia 0.3 43.3 .. .. .. 18.8 1.1 10.1 0.1 42.8164 Djibouti .. .. 46.5 .. .. .. 4.2 6.5 0.9 20.7165 Gambia 0.0 .. .. 4.4 .. .. 3.6 9.2 0.0 88.3166 Benin .. .. .. .. 0.0 24.8 0.7 3.1 0.0 81.5167 Rwanda .. 11.9 .. 2.1 0.0 .. 0.3 13.0 0.0 33.8168 Côte d’Ivoire .. 70.4 .. .. 0.0 47.3 1.8 2.6 0.0 77.6169 Comoros .. .. 12.0 .. .. .. 0.8 5.1 0.0 25.3170 Malawi .. 29.9 .. .. .. 9.0 0.2 2.3 0.0 21.5171 Sudan 0.3 .. .. 4.4 0.1 35.9 10.8 .. 0.4 41.4172 Zimbabwe .. .. 24.8 .. .. 41.5 7.6 11.5 0.3 64.3173 Ethiopia 0.2 20.8 20.9 0.2 0.0 17.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 9.4174 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.0 0.0 39.5175 Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. 15.5 0.3 3.7 0.0 38.2176 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 2.5 .. 39.5177 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. 0.2 .. .. .. .. 34.3188 | HUMAN DevELoPMENt REPort 2013
Human Development Report 2013The Rise of the South Human Progress in a Diverse WorldRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY ADOPTIONExpenditureResearchersGraduates inscience andengineering aPatents grantedto residents andnonresidentsRoyalty andlicence feesreceiptsElectrificationratePersonalcomputersInternet usersFixed broadbandInternetsubscriptionsFixed and mobiletelephonesubscribers(% ofGDP)(per millionpeople)(% oftotal) (per million people) ($ per capita) (% of population) (per 100 people)HDI rank 2005–2010 b 2002–2010 b 2002–2011 b 2005–2010 b 2005–2011 b 2009 2002–2009 b 2010 2010 2010178 Burundi .. .. 9.6 .. 0.0 .. 0.9 2.1 0.0 14.1178 Guinea .. .. .. .. 0.0 .. 0.5 1.0 0.0 40.3180 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.3 2.3 .. 22.4181 Eritrea .. .. 7.9 .. .. 32.0 1.0 5.4 0.0 4.6182 Mali 0.2 37.7 .. .. 0.0 .. 0.7 2.7 0.0 49.2183 Burkina Faso 0.2 45.1 23.3 .. 0.0 14.6 0.6 1.4 0.1 35.5184 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 1.7 0.0 24.3185 Mozambique 0.2 15.8 12.1 1.8 0.0 11.7 1.4 4.2 0.1 31.3186 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.5 .. .. .. .. 11.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 18.0186 Niger .. 7.8 .. .. 0.0 .. 0.1 0.8 0.0 25.1Other countries or territoriesKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. of .. .. .. 258.4 .. 26.0 .. .. .. 6.6Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.6 .. .. 15.2Monaco 0.0 308.1 .. 141.2 .. .. .. .. .. ..Nauru .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.9 ..San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. 78.9 .. 32.0 144.9Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.9 .. .. 8.0South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.7 25.0 3.3 41.9Human Development Index groupsVery high human development 2.5 3,854.0 20.3 566.2 210.9 99.6 58.3 72.8 26.5 153.2High human development 0.8 .. .. 63.4 .. .. 13.6 35.8 7.1 133.5Medium human development .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.6 20.8 4.4 84.5Low human development .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 10.7 0.1 42.7RegionsArab States .. .. .. .. .. 86.7 10.8 27.2 2.0 99.6East Asia and the Pacific .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 29.8 7.2 92.2Europe and Central Asia 1.0 1,948.2 23.9 93.8 8.2 .. 12.3 43.4 10.0 150.0Latin America and the Caribbean .. .. .. .. .. 93.4 12.2 34.1 6.6 116.7South Asia .. .. .. 7.0 .. 70.1 3.0 8.4 0.7 64.4Sub-Saharan Africa .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.6 11.3 0.2 47.1Least developed countries .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.7 4.8 0.1 34.5Small island developing states .. .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 18.7 2.2 62.7World .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.1 30.0 7.7 95.2NOTESa Includes graduates in manufacturing andconstruction.b Data refer to the most recent year availableduring the period specified.c In the absence of data on electrification rate,99.7% is assumed.DEFINITIONSResearch and development expenditure:Current and capital expenditures (both public andprivate) on creative work undertaken systematicallyto increase knowledge and the use of knowledge fornew applications. It covers basic research, appliedresearch and experimental development.Researchers in research and development:Professionals engaged in the conception or creationof new knowledge, products, processes, methodsor systems and in the management of the projectsconcerned. Postgraduate doctoral students (ISCED97level 6) engaged in research and development areincluded.Graduates in science and engineering: Peoplewho have successfully completed the final yearof a level or sublevel of education in science andengineering.Patents granted to residents and nonresidents:Number of exclusive rights granted for an invention,which is a product or a process that provides a newway of doing something or offers a new technicalsolution to a problem, expressed per 1 million people.Royalty and licence fee receipts: Paymentsand receipts between residents and nonresidentsfor the authorized use of intangible, nonproduced,nonfinancial assets and proprietary rights (such aspatents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial processesand franchises) and for the use, through licensingagreements, of produced originals of prototypes(such as films and manuscripts).Electrification rate: Number of people with accessto electricity, expressed as a percentage of totalpopulation. It includes electricity sold commercially(both on-grid and off-grid) and self-generatedelectricity but not unauthorized connections.Personal computers: Number of self-containedcomputers designed for use by a single individual,expressed per 100 people.Internet users: People with access to theworldwide network, expressed per 100 people.Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions:Broadband high-speed access to the public Internet(a TCP/IP connection), at speeds equal to orgreater than 256 kilobits per second, in one or bothdirections, expressed per 100 peopleFixed and mobile telephone subscribers:Sum of telephone lines and mobile subscribers,expressed per 100 people.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumns 1 and 2: World Bank (2012a).Column 3: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2012).Column 4: HDRO calculation based on data fromWIPO (2012) and population data from UNDESA(2011).Column 5: HDRO calculations based on data onroyalty and licence fee receipts from World Bank(2012b).Column 6: IEA (2012).Column 7: World Bank (2012c).Columns 8 and 9: ITU (2012).Column 10: HDRO calculations based on data oncellular subscribers and telephone lines from ITU(2012) and population data from UNDESA (2011).Table 12 Innovation and technology | 189
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WNSEHuman DevelopmentReport 2013The
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Human Development Report 2013The Ri
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Human Development Report 2013 TeamD
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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OverviewOne of the most heartening
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and sustainability are fully incorp
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Without investment in people, retur
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opportunity to reap the full benefi
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Woods institutions, the United Nati
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IntroductionWhen developed economie
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leading economies—Brazil, China a
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comparable access to information, e
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mobile phones: cellular banking is
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“The political problem ofmankind
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BOX 1.1Fairness, macroeconomics and
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BOX 1.3Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
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FIGURE 1.1Income per capita is risi
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BOX 1.4Subjective indicators of wel
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FIGURE 1.4There is notable variatio
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FIGURE 1.6Most regions show declini
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Progress in humandevelopment achiev
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BOX 1.7Social competencies: human d
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TABLE 1.3Inequality and satisfactio
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Not all countries havethe precondit
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“When the music changes,so does t
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BOX 2.1The South’s integration wi
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FIGURE 2.1As a share of world merch
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BOX 2.2Acquisitions by the South of
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FIGURE 2.3Between 2000 and 2010, In
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FIGURE 2.4Export earnings per capit
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BOX 2.6Final assembly is about more
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Instead of having a centreof indust
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FIGURE 2.6Emerging market economies
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Developing countriestrade more amon
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“We cannot expect thatall nations
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TABLE 3.1Selected developing countr
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A common featureof countries thatha
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More important thangetting prices r
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BOX 3.5Eastern Europe and Central A
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States have to beconscious that the
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As countries develop,they tend to d
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Having weathered theAsian financial
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Providing publicservices that contr
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Advancing health requiresmore than
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Universal public healthand educatio
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• China. The Minimum Livelihood G
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“Each generation will reap whatth
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concerns will make for a complex en
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A greater emphasison education cans
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FIGURE 4.1Under the fast track scen
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Around the worldpeople are calling
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FIGURE 4.4Different environmental s
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FIGURE 4.5Education policies can al
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BOX 4.2China and Ghana: who benefit
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FIGURE 4.8countries thus converge t
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“Let us join hands to try tocreat
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Areas of globalinternational concer
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Addressing climatechange requires t
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International governanceis increasi
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BOX 5.2Jo Leinen, Member of the Eur
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facilitates reserve investments and
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Responsible sovereigntytakes the lo
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FIGURE 5.1Under the accelerated pro
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Good policymakingrequires greater f
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A fair and less unequalworld requir
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NotesOverview1 Atsmon and others 20
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25 Blinder 2006.26 UNIDO 2009.27 UN
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which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
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ReferencesAbdurazakov, A., A. Minsa
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urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_
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Kamau, P., D. McCormick, and N. Pin
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