Human Development Report 2013 - UNDP

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“We cannot expect thatall nations will adopt likesystems, for conformity isthe jailer of freedom andthe enemy of growth.”John F. Kennedy“Wisdom lies neither in fixitynor in change, but in thedialectic between the two.”Octavio Paz
3.Drivers of development transformationHow have so many countries in the South transformed their human development prospects? Given their social and politicaldiversity and their contrasting natural resource endowments, their trajectories have often diverged. Yet some underlyingthemes have been consistent. This chapter looks at the experience of some of the more successful countries and at threeof their common drivers: their proactive developmental states, their capacity to tap into global markets and their focus onsocial policy innovation.Many countries have made substantial progressover the past two decades: the riseof the South has been fairly broad-based.Nevertheless, several high achievers have notonly boosted national income, but also hadbetter than average performance on socialindicators in areas such as health and education.One way to identify high achievers is tolook at countries with positive income growthand good performance on measures of healthand education relative to other countries atcomparable levels of development. Thesehigh achievers include some of the largestcountries—Brazil, China and India—as wellas smaller countries, such as Bangladesh,Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, the Republic ofKorea, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Thailand,Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Viet Nam(figure 3.1).This chapter analyses the performance ofa set of countries that, since 1990, have substantiallyimproved both income growth andthe nonincome dimensions of human development,namely health and education. Somecountries were more successful in one aspectthan the other: Brazil and Turkey did betteron the nonincome dimensions of the <strong>Human</strong><strong>Development</strong> Index (HDI), whereas China’sperformance over 1990–2010 was dominatedby growth in income (in part because whenreforms began in the late 1970s, China’sachievements in health and education werealready high). 1 Furthermore, as mentioned inchapter 1, the group of countries whose improvementson the HDI stood out relative tothe performance of peers between 1990 and2012 includes least developed countries, suchas Lao PDR, Mali, Mozambique, Rwandaand Uganda.Another way of identifying high achieversin human development is to look forcountries that have been more successfulin closing the “human development gap,”as measured by the reduction in their HDIshortfall (the distance from the maximumHDI score). 2 Table 3.1 lists 26 countries thatwere among either the top 15 developingcountries that registered the largest reductionin HDI shortfall over 1990–2012 3 or the top15 that registered the highest rates of annualgrowth in income per capita during the sameperiod.The first set of countries successfully supplementedfast economic growth with socialpolicies that benefit society more broadly, especiallythe poor. China, for instance, reducedits HDI shortfall more than all other countriesFIGURE 3.1Some countries have performed well on both the nonincome and the incomedimensions of the HDIDeviation from expected performance of nonincome dimensions of the HDI, 1990–20120.30.20.10–0.1–0.2–0.3–0.4UgandaBrazil Tunisia IndonesiaTurkey BangladeshMexicoKorea, Rep.GhanaViet NamMalaysiaIndiaMauritiusThailandChileChina–0.04 –0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10Note: Based on a balanced panel of 96 countries.Source: HDRO calculations.Growth in GNI per capita, 1990–2012 (%)High achievers in human developmentOthersChapter 3 Drivers of development transformation | 63
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WNSEHuman DevelopmentReport 2013The
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Human Development Report 2013The Ri
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Human Development Report 2013 TeamD
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Finally, the Report also calls for
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Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
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3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
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OverviewOne of the most heartening
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and sustainability are fully incorp
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Without investment in people, retur
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opportunity to reap the full benefi
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Woods institutions, the United Nati
Page 23 and 24: IntroductionWhen developed economie
Page 25 and 26: leading economies—Brazil, China a
Page 27 and 28: comparable access to information, e
Page 29 and 30: mobile phones: cellular banking is
Page 32 and 33: “The political problem ofmankind
Page 34 and 35: BOX 1.1Fairness, macroeconomics and
Page 36 and 37: BOX 1.3Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 1.1Income per capita is risi
Page 40 and 41: BOX 1.4Subjective indicators of wel
Page 42 and 43: FIGURE 1.4There is notable variatio
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1.6Most regions show declini
Page 46 and 47: Progress in humandevelopment achiev
Page 48 and 49: BOX 1.7Social competencies: human d
Page 50 and 51: TABLE 1.3Inequality and satisfactio
Page 52 and 53: Not all countries havethe precondit
Page 54 and 55: “When the music changes,so does t
Page 56 and 57: BOX 2.1The South’s integration wi
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 2.1As a share of world merch
Page 60 and 61: BOX 2.2Acquisitions by the South of
Page 62 and 63: FIGURE 2.3Between 2000 and 2010, In
Page 64 and 65: FIGURE 2.4Export earnings per capit
Page 66 and 67: BOX 2.6Final assembly is about more
Page 68 and 69: Instead of having a centreof indust
Page 70 and 71: FIGURE 2.6Emerging market economies
Page 72 and 73: Developing countriestrade more amon
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 3.1Selected developing countr
Page 78 and 79: A common featureof countries thatha
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Page 82 and 83: BOX 3.5Eastern Europe and Central A
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Page 86 and 87: As countries develop,they tend to d
Page 88 and 89: Having weathered theAsian financial
Page 90 and 91: Providing publicservices that contr
Page 92 and 93: Advancing health requiresmore than
Page 94 and 95: Universal public healthand educatio
Page 96 and 97: • China. The Minimum Livelihood G
Page 98 and 99: “Each generation will reap whatth
Page 100 and 101: concerns will make for a complex en
Page 102 and 103: A greater emphasison education cans
Page 104 and 105: FIGURE 4.1Under the fast track scen
Page 106 and 107: Around the worldpeople are calling
Page 108 and 109: FIGURE 4.4Different environmental s
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Page 112 and 113: BOX 4.2China and Ghana: who benefit
Page 114 and 115: FIGURE 4.8countries thus converge t
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Page 118 and 119: Areas of globalinternational concer
Page 120 and 121: Addressing climatechange requires t
Page 122 and 123: International governanceis increasi
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BOX 5.2Jo Leinen, Member of the Eur
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facilitates reserve investments and
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Responsible sovereigntytakes the lo
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FIGURE 5.1Under the accelerated pro
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Good policymakingrequires greater f
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A fair and less unequalworld requir
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NotesOverview1 Atsmon and others 20
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25 Blinder 2006.26 UNIDO 2009.27 UN
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which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
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ReferencesAbdurazakov, A., A. Minsa
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urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_
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Kamau, P., D. McCormick, and N. Pin
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Labor Administration. Geneva: Inter
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Statistical acknowledgementsThe Rep
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Key to HDI countries and ranks, 201
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Statistical referencesADB (Asian De
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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