Human Development Report 2013 - UNDP

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The unprecedentedaccumulation of financialreserves provides anopportunity to acceleratebroad-based progressNetworks of civil society now take advantageof new media and new communicationstechnologies. Yet civil society organizationsalso face questions about their legitimacy andaccountability and may take undesirable forms.Nevertheless, the future legitimacy of internationalgovernance will depend on institutions’capabilities to engage with citizen networksand communities.Priorities for a new eraThrough all this, the fundamental principles ofhuman development remain critical. As ever,the aim is to expand choices and capabilities forall people, wherever they live. Many countriesof the South have already demonstrated whatcan be done. But they have gone only part ofthe way. For the years ahead, this Report suggestsfive broad conclusions.Rising economic strength in theSouth must be matched by a fullcommitment to human developmentInvestments in human development are justifiednot only on moral grounds, but alsobecause improved health, education and socialwelfare are key to success in a more competitiveand dynamic world economy. In particular,these investments should target the poor—connecting them to markets and increasingtheir livelihood opportunities. Poverty is aninjustice that can and should be remedied bydetermined action.Good policymaking also requires a focus onenhancing social capacities, not just individualcapabilities. Individuals function within socialinstitutions that can limit or enhance theirdevelopment potential. Policies to changesocial norms that limit human potential, suchas gender discrimination, early marriages anddowry requirements, open up opportunities forindividuals to reach their full potential.Less developed countries can learnand benefit from the success ofemerging economies of the SouthThe unprecedented accumulation of financialreserves and sovereign wealth funds in both theNorth and South provides an opportunity toaccelerate broad-based progress. A small portionof these funds should be dedicated to humandevelopment and poverty eradication. Atthe same time, South–South trade and investmentflows can leverage foreign markets in newways that enhance development opportunities,such as by participating in regional and globalvalue chains.Burgeoning South–South trade and investmentin particular can lay the basis for shiftingmanufacturing capacity to other less developedregions and countries. Recent Chinese andIndian joint ventures and startup manufacturinginvestments in Africa could be a prelude toa much expanded force. International productionnetworks provide opportunities to speeddevelopment by allowing countries to leap-frogto more sophisticated production modes.New institutions can facilitateregional integration andSouth–South relationshipsNew institutions and partnerships can helpcountries share knowledge, experiences andtechnology. This can be accompanied by newand stronger institutions to promote trade andinvestment and accelerate experience sharingacross the South. One step would be to establisha new South Commission to bring a freshvision of how the South’s diversity can be aforce for solidarity.Greater representation for the Southand civil society can accelerateprogress on major global challengesThe rise of the South is leading to a greaterdiversity of voice on the world stage. Thispresents an opportunity to build governanceinstitutions that fully represent all constituenciesand that would make productive useof this diversity in finding solutions to worldproblems.New guiding principles for internationalorganizations are needed that incorporate theexperience of the South. The emergence of theGroup of 20 is an important step in this direction,but the countries of the South also needmore equitable representation in the Bretton8 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013
Woods institutions, the United Nations andother international bodies.Active civil society and social movements,both national and transnational, are using themedia to amplify their calls for just and fairgovernance. The spread of movements andthe increase in platforms for vocalizing keymessages and demands challenge governanceinstitutions to adopt more-democratic andmore-inclusive principles. More generally,a fair and less unequal world requires spacefor a multiplicity of voices and a system ofpublic discourse.The rise of the South presentsnew opportunities for generatinga greater supply of public goodsA sustainable world requires a greater supplyof global public goods. Global issues todayare increasing in number and urgency, frommitigation of climate change and internationaleconomic and financial instability to the fightagainst terrorism and nuclear proliferation.They require a global response. Yet in manyareas, international cooperation remains slowand at times dangerously hesitant. The rise ofthe South presents new opportunities for moreeffectively providing global public goods andfor unlocking today’s many stalemated globalissues.Publicness and privateness are in most casesnot innate properties of a public good but socialconstructs and as such represent a policychoice. National governments can step in whenthere is underprovision at the national level.But when global challenges arise, internationalcooperation is necessary—and can happen onlythrough the voluntary actions of many governments.Given the many pressing challenges,progress in determining what is public andwhat is private will require strong, committedpersonal and institutional leadership.* * *This Report presents the contemporary globalcontext and charts a path for policymakers andcitizens to navigate the increasing interconnectednessof the world and to face the growingglobal challenges. It describes how the dynamicsof power, voice and wealth in the world arechanging—and identifies the new policies andinstitutions necessary to address these 21stcentury realities and promote human developmentwith greater equity, sustainability andsocial integration. Progress in human developmentrequires action and institutions at boththe global and national levels. At the globallevel, institutional reforms and innovation arerequired to protect and provide global publicgoods. At the national level, state commitmentto social justice is important, as is the understandingthat one-size-fits-all technocraticpolicies are neither realistic nor effective giventhe diversity of national contexts, cultures andinstitutional conditions. Nevertheless, overarchingprinciples such as social cohesion, statecommitment to education, health and socialprotection, and openness to trade integrationemerge as means of navigating towards sustainableand equitable human development.The rise of theSouth presents newopportunities for moreeffectively providingglobal public goods andfor unlocking today’s manystalemated global issuesOverview | 9
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Page 5 and 6: Human Development Report 2013 TeamD
Page 7 and 8: Finally, the Report also calls for
Page 9 and 10: Heather Simpson, Ben Slay, Mounir T
Page 11 and 12: 3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues
Page 13 and 14: OverviewOne of the most heartening
Page 15 and 16: and sustainability are fully incorp
Page 17 and 18: Without investment in people, retur
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Page 23 and 24: IntroductionWhen developed economie
Page 25 and 26: leading economies—Brazil, China a
Page 27 and 28: comparable access to information, e
Page 29 and 30: mobile phones: cellular banking is
Page 32 and 33: “The political problem ofmankind
Page 34 and 35: BOX 1.1Fairness, macroeconomics and
Page 36 and 37: BOX 1.3Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 1.1Income per capita is risi
Page 40 and 41: BOX 1.4Subjective indicators of wel
Page 42 and 43: FIGURE 1.4There is notable variatio
Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 1.6Most regions show declini
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Page 48 and 49: BOX 1.7Social competencies: human d
Page 50 and 51: TABLE 1.3Inequality and satisfactio
Page 52 and 53: Not all countries havethe precondit
Page 54 and 55: “When the music changes,so does t
Page 56 and 57: BOX 2.1The South’s integration wi
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Page 60 and 61: BOX 2.2Acquisitions by the South of
Page 62 and 63: FIGURE 2.3Between 2000 and 2010, In
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FIGURE 2.6Emerging market economies
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Developing countriestrade more amon
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“We cannot expect thatall nations
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TABLE 3.1Selected developing countr
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A common featureof countries thatha
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More important thangetting prices r
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BOX 3.5Eastern Europe and Central A
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States have to beconscious that the
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As countries develop,they tend to d
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Having weathered theAsian financial
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Providing publicservices that contr
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Advancing health requiresmore than
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Universal public healthand educatio
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• China. The Minimum Livelihood G
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“Each generation will reap whatth
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concerns will make for a complex en
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A greater emphasison education cans
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FIGURE 4.1Under the fast track scen
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Around the worldpeople are calling
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FIGURE 4.4Different environmental s
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FIGURE 4.5Education policies can al
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BOX 4.2China and Ghana: who benefit
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FIGURE 4.8countries thus converge t
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“Let us join hands to try tocreat
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Areas of globalinternational concer
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Addressing climatechange requires t
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International governanceis increasi
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BOX 5.2Jo Leinen, Member of the Eur
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facilitates reserve investments and
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Responsible sovereigntytakes the lo
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FIGURE 5.1Under the accelerated pro
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Good policymakingrequires greater f
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A fair and less unequalworld requir
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NotesOverview1 Atsmon and others 20
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25 Blinder 2006.26 UNIDO 2009.27 UN
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which is 61.7 deaths per 1,000 live
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ReferencesAbdurazakov, A., A. Minsa
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urban_world_cities_and_the_rise_of_
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Kamau, P., D. McCormick, and N. Pin
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Labor Administration. Geneva: Inter
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Human Development Report 2013The Ri
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Statistical acknowledgementsThe Rep
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Key to HDI countries and ranks, 201
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Statistical referencesADB (Asian De
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Core features of the model pertinen
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Countries and HDI ranks in 2012 and
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