the Gold Coast remains a city that contains significant agricultural activity across itsjurisdiction <strong>and</strong> where over half of all its l<strong>and</strong> remains undeveloped.These two cases were selected to reflect these different historical trajectories as wellas a different set of local political institutions, as part of our inquiry was to explore theinstitutional <strong>and</strong> regulatory environment in which <strong>urban</strong> agriculture is either helped orhindered <strong>and</strong> in which various <strong>climate</strong> adaptation policies help to frame theseresponses.In each case study area interviews were conducted with a range of key informants,identified using snowballing techniques. These have been supplemented withdocuments produced by some of the relevant organisations. While the original intentionwas to interview approximately 15 key informants in each city, in practice thedistribution was more skewed. Due to the comparatively higher level of activity inMelbourne <strong>and</strong> a shared interest in advancing the practice of <strong>urban</strong> agriculture it waspossible (<strong>and</strong> to some extent unavoidable) to interview a much larger sample. On theGold Coast the opposite was the case <strong>and</strong> the recent elections at state <strong>and</strong> localgovernment level have produced something of a policy hiatus in advance of theelections <strong>and</strong> a preoccupation with other policy commitments after them. This hasresulted in a number of officers in state <strong>and</strong> local governments moving to new areas ofresponsibility <strong>and</strong> not being available to participate in the study. While this distributionof interviewees between the two case study areas is uneven, we do not believe itundermines the robustness of the two case studies.2.2 Melbourne <strong>and</strong> Gold Coast case study research methodsBoth case studies relied mainly on semi-structured, in-depth interviews, using athematic topic guide developed by the research team in February 2012, prior to the firstvisits to Melbourne <strong>and</strong> the Gold Coast. A total of 63 individuals have been interviewedto date, the majority (53) in Melbourne, with fewer (10) taking place in the Gold Coast.Most interviews were conducted face to face, two were conducted by telephone. InMelbourne, 43 of these individuals are currently employed by or have direct formalinstitutional affiliations, with 32 separate organisations, enterprises <strong>and</strong> communitygroups represented. The remaining 10 individuals have no formal institutions affiliations– some never had any formal affiliation, <strong>and</strong> others had left the relevant organisation inthe past few years. On the Gold Coast, four interviewees are community gardeners,one is a <strong>food</strong> policy officer, <strong>and</strong> four are local growers who also play roles in communityagriculture organisations in the city.Drawing on the desktop literature review, as well as the research’s team ownknowledge of key region-specific literature, the topic guide was structured around thekey research themes of <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> agriculture, <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>urban</strong><strong>resilience</strong>. There was a particular focus on exploring the nexus amongst these fourthemes, in order to explore, for example, the ways in which interviewees believed that<strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> might impact on <strong>urban</strong> agriculture; <strong>and</strong> conversely, how the practices of<strong>urban</strong> agriculture could contribute to higher levels of <strong>climate</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> for Melbourne inthe future. Since the interviews were semi-structured, <strong>and</strong> bearing in mind the diversityof individuals who agreed to participate in the research, the topic guide was notfollowed rigidly in every interview, however the four main themes were addressed onevery occasion.<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 105
The length of the interviews ranged from 30 to 90 minutes, with most lastingapproximately 60 minutes. The interviews were conducted at a location convenient tothe interviewee. In many cases this was at their workplace or home; while in others itwas in an external venue such as a café.A workshop was held in Melbourne in August, to which all those interviewed wereinvited to take part. The purpose of the workshop, attended by approximately fortyinterviewees <strong>and</strong> a number of others keen to attend, was to allow the researchers topresent their interim findings <strong>and</strong> to receive feedback.The interviews were conducted according to an ethics protocol approved by GriffithUniversity Human Research Ethics Committee. All interviewees were given a projectinformation sheet, describing in straightforward language the aims of the research, itsdesign <strong>and</strong> the benefits that might flow from it. They were also informed of the way thatinformation they gave <strong>and</strong> any opinions expressed would be used in the research <strong>and</strong>assured that they would not be identified in any subsequent publications (includinghaving any direct quotes attributed to them) without their express consent. For thatreason, we have adopted a typology of interviewees, set out below, in order to describethe type of interviewee without identifying them individually. We hope this also makesthe report easier to read as well as protecting anonymity of these participants.Potential interviewees were identified via a key informant approach. Using the networks<strong>and</strong> experience of project team members in both cities, we contacted a small numberof individuals who had over a number of years played a leading role in the fields of <strong>food</strong><strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> agriculture <strong>and</strong> sustainable <strong>food</strong> systems, <strong>and</strong> sought theirrecommendations for potential interviewees. Those individuals were then contacted<strong>and</strong> during the initial round of interviews we asked for their recommendations regardingother potential interviewees.While we do not claim either to have identified or interviewed all the relevant individuals<strong>and</strong> organisations in this field in Melbourne <strong>and</strong> the Gold Coast, we are confident thatmost of those playing a significant role in local <strong>food</strong> policy development <strong>and</strong> practicehave been engaged. We believe that the quality <strong>and</strong> character of the individuals whoagreed to participate in this research, <strong>and</strong> the range of organisations <strong>and</strong> entities theyrepresent, has enabled us to achieve these goals.Interviews were recorded, <strong>and</strong> notes also taken during the interviews. Interviewrecordings were partially transcribed for preliminary analysis <strong>and</strong> all were later fullytranscribed for use in the subsequent analysis.As mentioned above, interviewees participated in this research on the underst<strong>and</strong>ingthat their confidentiality would be protected. We have therefore adopted the followingtypology of interviewees in order to attribute direct quotes <strong>and</strong> opinions to them:state government employeelocal government employeenon-government organisation employeemember of community <strong>food</strong> organisationfarmer/grower/market gardenerindependent researcher/consultant/academic<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 106
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Synthesis and Integrative ResearchF
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Published by the National Climate C
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ABSTRACTFood security is increasing
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1. a review of the literature: on n
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its Food for All project. This help
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In response to the existential thre
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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHFood i
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debates and to the more systematic
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organisation in the past few years.
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4. RESULTSIn this section we presen
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increasing productivity. Thus, whil
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people and the origins of their foo
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urban food supply chains. Thus, whi
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This logistics system is dominated
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Like Hodgson et al., as per definit
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esilient, powerful by being locally
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volume or even its contribution to
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community food growing can have on
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generations this history has been f
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a stronger focus on addressing the
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The third key aspect is fairness -
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climate (which we live and work in
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agriculture. Eight percent is in ur
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This concept of the ‘spaces in be
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esearch scientist and chair of the
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As discussed above, protection of t
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4.2.5 What is the extent and the im
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no place under the panoply of pract
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increased, the market dominance of
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- Page 157 and 158: BIBLIOGRAPHYAECOM (2011) Scoping St
- Page 159 and 160: Burns, C. I., A. (2007). Measuring
- Page 161 and 162: Edwards, F., & Mercer, D. (2010). M
- Page 163 and 164: James, S. O’Neill, P. and Dimeski
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Millar, R., 2012, ‘Government shi
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Saltmarsh, N. M., J; Longhurst, N.
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Walker B., 2008, Resilience Thinkin