Another issue that was mentioned by almost all interviewees in the inner <strong>urban</strong> contextwas soil contamination. The widespread perception, substantiated by testing carriedout in several areas, is that most of inner <strong>urban</strong> areas of Melbourne has soilcontaminated with lead <strong>and</strong> other toxins used in industrial processes, <strong>and</strong> in lead paintsthat were common in the first half of the 20 th century:It was a big issue with this house, because the side wall on the adjoining propertywas painted with lead paint, <strong>and</strong> we spent a long time negotiating with [ourneighbours] to do something about it, <strong>and</strong> eventually had to get council involved.The paint was flaking off <strong>and</strong> we found it all through our soil. The neighbourshave now capped the wall with a vinyl covering. We couldn’t do anything untilthey’d done that, <strong>and</strong> then we had really serious lead contamination.It’s such a big issue, there’s so many gardeners growing vegies under paintwalls, <strong>and</strong> I’ve done it myself, before I became aware. We need much greaterawareness <strong>and</strong> research about this. You pretty much have to assume that you’vegot contaminated soil, <strong>and</strong> that’s most of inner Melbourne – but that’s wherewe’re at [Backyard gardener <strong>and</strong> permaculturalist, Melbourne].As discussed below, there are ways of addressing this issue, but at the moment theyfall on each individuals’ shoulders in the case of backyard gardeners; <strong>and</strong> oncommunity <strong>and</strong> school groups, as regards community <strong>and</strong> school gardens. Soil testingis expensive, <strong>and</strong> building up raised beds is a further, sometimes considerable,expense.Another barrier identified was the emergence in recent years of a backlash againstcommunity gardening in public parks in the form of a growing ‘open space’ lobby,whose members see community gardening in public spaces as a form of appropriatingpublic l<strong>and</strong> for essentially private use.To illustrate these challenges, we offer a short case study of an attempt to set up acommunity garden <strong>and</strong> describe some of the barriers in practice faced by a group oflocal enthusiasts, even in an environment where support was forthcoming, in principle,from local government.As part of its promotion of ‘an active <strong>and</strong> healthy community’, Gold Coast City Councilpromotes community gardens as a way of increasing <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong> in the city <strong>and</strong> hasprepared a Community Gardens Start Up Kit for groups wanting to develop such a localinitiative. Linked to this process of support, the Council appointed a dedicated worker toliaise with local groups planning a community garden <strong>and</strong> a number of DivisionalCouncillors allocated funds from their Divisional budgets to support initiatives in theircommunities.One such group formed after their Divisional Councillor called a public meeting topromote the idea of a community garden in the Division. They were pleased to learnthat ‘all we had to do was form a steering group <strong>and</strong> get 14 members signed up’, whichthey achieved quickly. However, they then discovered that they would either have tobecome an incorporated body or exist under the auspices of a relevant existing body,such as a large community based, not-for-profit organisation. As the auspicing optionseemed most convenient, they then approached a large national organisation with asignificant presence on the Gold Coast, who agreed to act in this capacity. They thenlearned that this body was deemed by the Council not to be primarily concerned with<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 139
<strong>urban</strong> agriculture (however broadly defined) <strong>and</strong> hence not suitable as an auspicingorganisation. The embryonic group then decided to incorporate, with the help of a local<strong>food</strong> activist with experience of setting up local groups.The newly incorporated group were offered two possible sites for their garden byCouncil, from which they chose one, <strong>and</strong> the Community Gardens support officeacknowledged the preferred site <strong>and</strong> suggested, ‘...it’s ready to go, you might need totalk to some of the users to say this is happening <strong>and</strong> if you can get some support fromthe community that would be great’. However, they were then told that the chosen sitewas no longer suitable. The group decided to search all other public parks in theneighbourhood in order to choose those that seemed to best suit their needs <strong>and</strong>preferences.Having identified a preferred site, the group began to work with the support officer todraw up plans for the garden itself:‘..so we were looking at our site <strong>and</strong> X had helped us draw up our plan <strong>and</strong>everyone was getting very excited , it seemed very real <strong>and</strong> we were told – youknow you have to go out <strong>and</strong> quotes for all the different parts of the garden – sowe’d formed sub-committees that were looking at the price of a fence <strong>and</strong> all thebits <strong>and</strong> pieces <strong>and</strong> then we were told – oh no, sorry, you can’t have this sitebecause its Q100 flood zone <strong>and</strong> therefore you can’t have any built structures inthe area at all’.The group then met with the Divisional Councillor <strong>and</strong> the latest support worker toreview all the parks in the Division <strong>and</strong> identified one that appeared suitable, althoughwith the added complication that it was a State park <strong>and</strong> would require a developmentapplication. As part of this process the Council wrote to local residents notifying them ofthe proposal to establish a community garden within the park:‘..the residents of X Park called a public meeting, which some of us attended, <strong>and</strong>the residents were extremely aggressive <strong>and</strong> they were really feeding off eachother <strong>and</strong> getting very, very upset about the situation...[they were saying that] itwas going to bring down property prices <strong>and</strong> there was somebody there whoworked in a real estate agent’s saying this again <strong>and</strong> again so they really pickedthat up. And then one of our members was actually accosted [by someone] whosaid – you won’t get a garden there over my dead body, I don’t want you hippiescoming in selling your drugs <strong>and</strong> turning my kids into druggies – so that was veryhard for some of our members because most of them are older <strong>and</strong> retired…Most of them are not gardeners at all...a lot of the regular members are singlewomen, older, around 60 [Community gardener, Gold Coast].After this meeting it was clear to the group that this site was not viable because of theintensity of local opposition <strong>and</strong> they agreed instead to invite a council officer from GoldCoast Parks to attend one of their meetings to talk about what might happen next. Thishad not occurred at the time of the interview <strong>and</strong> the group now rents a plot at a siterun by Gold Coast Permaculture so that those keen to grow <strong>food</strong> are able to do so.The experience of dealing with the Council has not been especially encouraging for thegroup, although they recognise that support has been forthcoming from both officers<strong>and</strong> Councillors. The main problems appear to have been in relation to communication<strong>and</strong> to joined-up local governance (or lack of it). It appears that a consistent message<strong>Urban</strong> <strong>food</strong> <strong>security</strong>, <strong>urban</strong> <strong>resilience</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> 140
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Synthesis and Integrative ResearchF
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Published by the National Climate C
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ABSTRACTFood security is increasing
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1. a review of the literature: on n
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its Food for All project. This help
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In response to the existential thre
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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHFood i
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debates and to the more systematic
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organisation in the past few years.
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4. RESULTSIn this section we presen
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increasing productivity. Thus, whil
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people and the origins of their foo
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urban food supply chains. Thus, whi
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This logistics system is dominated
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Like Hodgson et al., as per definit
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esilient, powerful by being locally
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volume or even its contribution to
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community food growing can have on
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generations this history has been f
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a stronger focus on addressing the
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The third key aspect is fairness -
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climate (which we live and work in
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agriculture. Eight percent is in ur
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This concept of the ‘spaces in be
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esearch scientist and chair of the
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As discussed above, protection of t
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4.2.5 What is the extent and the im
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no place under the panoply of pract
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increased, the market dominance of
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… the residents of S Park called
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5. CONCLUSIONSThere is growing conc
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urban resilience. This inevitably c
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In many respects these contrasting
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Many interviewees of both standpoin
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a given area. The rationale for thi
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mapping the location of sources of
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Australian food policy debates refl
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APPENDIX 1: URBAN FOOD SECURITY, UR
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IntroductionGlobally, and in Austra
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Review methodsThis stage of the res
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despite many of the causes of food
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…by 2050… food production will
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2. How is food security (in general
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the food security of cities, but no
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While some see the density of devel
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when suppliers, distributors, and c
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- Page 157 and 158: BIBLIOGRAPHYAECOM (2011) Scoping St
- Page 159 and 160: Burns, C. I., A. (2007). Measuring
- Page 161 and 162: Edwards, F., & Mercer, D. (2010). M
- Page 163 and 164: James, S. O’Neill, P. and Dimeski
- Page 165 and 166: Millar, R., 2012, ‘Government shi
- Page 167 and 168: Saltmarsh, N. M., J; Longhurst, N.
- Page 169 and 170: Walker B., 2008, Resilience Thinkin