Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change - weADAPT

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9 ConclusionsThe case studies were designed to explore in greater depth and with practitioners andpolicy makers the key issues emerging from the literature review. The review drew onmaterial from around the world and we wanted to allow local practitioners to have theopportunity to both contextualise and criticise concepts and propositions developedelsewhere.All of those with whom we spoke were willing and able to engage in this criticalreflection, regardless of their particular appreciation of climate change or urban foodgrowing. The workshop in Melbourne offered an additional and valuable opportunity tohear debate among a group of practitioners as well as their individual perspectives.Overall, the interviews revealed that practitioners and local policy makers working inthis field are typically committed to urban agriculture and see significant potential for itsexpansion. They recognise the barriers such expansion faces but also seeopportunities for overcoming these barriers. In many respects this is to be expectedfrom those already working in a particular field, but many of the interviewees alsoexpressed criticism of some of the conceptualisations of food security, of urbanagriculture and of occasionally naive attempts at small scale commercial foodproduction in cities.To some extent the interviewees also reflected a broader divide apparent in widerdebates about food security, urban agriculture and urban resilience. To manyAustralians, food production is something that takes place only in rural areas and whilethere is growing recognition of the challenges faced by many small farmers inparticular, there is an underlying optimism in the capacity of market mechanisms andtechnological developments to ensure that Australia remains a producer of foodsurpluses and indeed derives much of its national wealth from the export of food. Fromthis perspective, urban agriculture is something of novelty and although long standingtraditions of self-provisioning through suburban backyard gardening remain,commercial and collective provision in cities is seen as a minority pastime, similar tohobby farming in peri-urban areas. However, a growing body of opinion recognises anumber of significant and substantial threats to food security in the cities of thedeveloped world, including climate change, the consequences of peak oil and globaleconomic crises. From this perspective cities must develop a range of new approachesto planning for their futures which seek to build resilience. The re-localisation of foodsystems through support for urban agriculture is one measure in building greater urbanresilience, but must be pursued in tandem with many others including the productiveuse of urban waste, the development of decentralised energy production anddistribution systems and the construction of more compact and flexible settlementpatterns.In illustrating these contrasting and sometimes conflicting views and opinions, the casestudies have provided valuable insights on the debates that currently exist aroundurban agriculture and the policy debates that must continue if Australian cities are tobecome more resilient in the face of climate change.Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change 147
BIBLIOGRAPHYAECOM (2011) Scoping Study for Local Food Production and Purchase on the Gold Coast,prepared for the Gold Coast City Council, Queensland, Australia.Altieri, M. A., & Koohafkan, P. (2008). Enduring Farms: Climate Change, Smallholders andTraditional Farming Communities. Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network.Anderson, M. D. C., J. T. (1999). Community Food Security: Practice in Need of Theory?Agriculture and Human Values, 16, 141-150.Andrée, P., Dibden, J., Higgins, V., & Cocklin, C. (2010). Competitive Productivism andAustralia's Emerging ‘Alternative’ Agri-food Networks: producing for farmers' markets inVictoria and beyond. Australian Geographer, 41(3), 307-322.Anglicare Australia (2012) When there’s not enough to eat: a national study of food insecurityamong Emergency Relief clients, Ainslie, ACT: Anglicare AustraliaArmar-Klemesu, M. (2001). Urban Agriculture and Food Security, Nutrition and Health. In N. D.Bakker, M; Guendel, S; Sabel Koscella, U; de Zeeuw, H (Ed.), Growing Cities, GrowingFood: Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda: A Reader on Urban Agriculture (pp. 99-117). Feldefing, Germany: Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (DSE).Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2008) Report of the ACCC inquiry into thecompetitiveness of retail prices for standard groceries, Canberra: ACCCAustralian Government (2011a). Australian Food Statistics 2009-10. Canberra: Retrieved fromhttp://www.daff.gov.au/agriculturefood/food/publications/afs/australian_food_statistics_2009.Australian Government (2011b). Issues Paper to Inform Development of a National Food Plan.Canberra: Retrieved from www.daff.gov.au/nfp.Baker, L. Campsie P and Rabinowicz K (2010) Menu 2020: Ten Good Food Ideas for Ontario,Toronto: George Cedric Metcalf Charitable FoundationBambrick, H. J., Capon, A. G., Barnett, G. B., Beaty, R. M., & Burton, A. J. (2011). Climatechange and health in the urban environment: adaptation opportunities in Australiancities. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 23(2 Suppl), 67S-79.Barling, D. and Lang, T. (2005) Trading on health: Cross-continental production andconsumption tensions and the governance of international food standards, in Fold, N.and Pritchard, B. (eds) Cross-continental Food Chains, Routledge, London, pp. 39-51.Barr, S., Gilg, A., & Shaw, G. (2011). Citizens, consumers and sustainability: (Re)Framingenvironmental practice in an age of climate change. Global Environmental Change,21(4), 1224-1233.Bartling, H. (2012) A chicken ain't nothin' but a bird: local food production and politics of landuse change, Local Environment, vol 17, no 1, 23-34Beaulac, J., Kristjansson, E., Cummins, S. (2009) A systematic review of food deserts, 1966-2007, Preventing Chronic Disease, 6(3) 1-10Urban food security, urban resilience and climate change 148
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Synthesis and Integrative ResearchF
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Published by the National Climate C
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ABSTRACTFood security is increasing
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1. a review of the literature: on n
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its Food for All project. This help
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In response to the existential thre
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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHFood i
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debates and to the more systematic
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organisation in the past few years.
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4. RESULTSIn this section we presen
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increasing productivity. Thus, whil
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people and the origins of their foo
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urban food supply chains. Thus, whi
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This logistics system is dominated
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Like Hodgson et al., as per definit
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esilient, powerful by being locally
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volume or even its contribution to
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community food growing can have on
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generations this history has been f
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a stronger focus on addressing the
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The third key aspect is fairness -
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climate (which we live and work in
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agriculture. Eight percent is in ur
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This concept of the ‘spaces in be
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esearch scientist and chair of the
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As discussed above, protection of t
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4.2.5 What is the extent and the im
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no place under the panoply of pract
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increased, the market dominance of
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… the residents of S Park called
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5. CONCLUSIONSThere is growing conc
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urban resilience. This inevitably c
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In many respects these contrasting
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Many interviewees of both standpoin
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a given area. The rationale for thi
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mapping the location of sources of
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Australian food policy debates refl
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APPENDIX 1: URBAN FOOD SECURITY, UR
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IntroductionGlobally, and in Austra
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Review methodsThis stage of the res
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despite many of the causes of food
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…by 2050… food production will
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2. How is food security (in general
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the food security of cities, but no
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While some see the density of devel
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when suppliers, distributors, and c
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a more prominent role in enhancing
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community gardens webpage on the Co
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comprehensive description of the ca
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In both the developed and developin
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Page 112 and 113: Despite some attempts to curb urban
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Page 125 and 126: security I recognise that the cost
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Page 129 and 130: This vision highlights the multi-fu
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Page 133 and 134: Melbourne Food ForestA Melbourne ga
Page 135 and 136: stakeholder consultations, the repo
Page 137 and 138: can. We sense the changes. The earl
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Page 147 and 148: Why do people buy so much food that
Page 149 and 150: urban agriculture (however broadly
Page 151 and 152: enefits and risks. Before we can co
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Page 155: coast without any problems whatsoev
Page 159 and 160: Burns, C. I., A. (2007). Measuring
Page 161 and 162: Edwards, F., & Mercer, D. (2010). M
Page 163 and 164: James, S. O’Neill, P. and Dimeski
Page 165 and 166: Millar, R., 2012, ‘Government shi
Page 167 and 168: Saltmarsh, N. M., J; Longhurst, N.
Page 169 and 170: Walker B., 2008, Resilience Thinkin
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